PR 2 of 40

pkg/detectors/appcues/appcues.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package appcues
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -20,64 +20,59 @@ var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
-	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat  = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"appcues"}) + `\b([a-z0-9-]{36})\b`)
 	userPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"appcues"}) + `\b([a-z0-9-]{39})\b`)
 	idPat   = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"appcues"}) + `\b([0-9]{5})\b`)
 )
 
-// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{"appcues"}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
+	return [][]byte{[]byte("appcues")}
 }
 
-// FromData will find and optionally verify Appcues secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	dataStr := string(data)
 
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
-	userMatches := userPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
-	idMatches := idPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	keyMatches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	userMatches := userPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	idMatches := idPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
 
-	for _, match := range matches {
+	for _, match := range keyMatches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		for _, userMatch := range userMatches {
 			if len(userMatch) != 2 {
 				continue
 			}
 
-			resUserMatch := strings.TrimSpace(userMatch[1])
+			resUserMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(userMatch[1])
 
 			for _, idMatch := range idMatches {
 				if len(idMatch) != 2 {
 					continue
 				}
 
-				resIdMatch := strings.TrimSpace(idMatch[1])
+				resIdMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(idMatch[1])
 
 				s1 := detectors.Result{
 					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Appcues,
-					Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
-					RawV2:        []byte(resMatch + resUserMatch),
+					Raw:          resMatch,
+					RawV2:        append(resMatch, resUserMatch...),
 				}
+
 				if verify {
-					req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("https://api.appcues.com/v2/accounts/%s/flows", resIdMatch), nil)
+					req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("https://api.appcues.com/v2/accounts/%s/flows", string(resIdMatch)), nil)
 					if err != nil {
 						continue
 					}
-					req.SetBasicAuth(resUserMatch, resMatch)
+					req.SetBasicAuth(string(resUserMatch), string(resMatch))
 					res, err := client.Do(req)
 					if err == nil {
 						defer res.Body.Close()
 						if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 							s1.Verified = true
 						} else {
-							// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 							if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 								continue
 							}

pkg/detectors/appfollow/appfollow.go

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -15,42 +14,35 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
-// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
-
-	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"appfollow"}) + `\b([0-9A-Za-z]{20})\b`)
 )
 
-// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{"appfollow"}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
+	return [][]byte{[]byte("appfollow")}
 }
 
-// FromData will find and optionally verify Appfollow secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	dataStr := string(data)
-
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
+
+		resMatch := match[1]
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Appfollow,
-			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
+			Raw:          resMatch,
 		}
 
 		if verify {
-			data := fmt.Sprintf("%s:", resMatch)
-			sEnc := b64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(data))
+			data := append(resMatch, ':')
+			sEnc := b64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(data)
 			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://api.appfollow.io/test", nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
@@ -62,7 +54,6 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
-					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/appointedd/appointedd.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package appointedd
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,66 +14,53 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
-// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
-
-	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"appointedd"}) + `\b([a-zA-Z0-9=+]{88})`)
 )
 
-// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{"appointedd"}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
+	return [][]byte{[]byte("appointedd")}
 }
 
-// FromData will find and optionally verify appointedd secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	dataStr := string(data)
-
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Appointedd,
-			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
+			Raw:          resMatch,
 		}
 		if verify {
 			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://api.appointedd.com/v1/availability/slots", nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			req.Header.Add("X-API-KEY", resMatch)
+			req.Header.Add("X-API-KEY", string(resMatch))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
-				bodyBytes, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
-				if err != nil {
-					continue
-				}
-				body := string(bodyBytes)
 
-				if strings.Contains(body, "total") {
-					s1.Verified = true
-				} else {
-					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
-						continue
+				if bodyBytes, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body); err == nil {
+					if bytes.Contains(bodyBytes, []byte("total")) {
+						s1.Verified = true
+					} else {
+						if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
+							continue
+						}
 					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
-
 		results = append(results, s1)
 	}
-
 	return results, nil
 }
 

pkg/detectors/appsynergy/appsynergy.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package appsynergy
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,42 +14,34 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
-// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
-
-	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"appsynergy"}) + `\b([a-z0-9]{64})\b`)
 )
 
-// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{"appsynergy"}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
+	return [][]byte{[]byte("appsynergy")}
 }
 
-// FromData will find and optionally verify AppSynergy secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	dataStr := string(data)
-
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_AppSynergy,
-			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
+			Raw:          resMatch,
 		}
 
 		if verify {
-			payload := strings.NewReader(`{"html":"<html><body><h1>Hello World</h1></body></html>","filename":"HelloWorld.pdf"}`)
-			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", fmt.Sprintf("https://www.appsynergy.com/api?action=HTML2PDF&apiKey=%s", resMatch), payload)
+			payload := bytes.NewBuffer([]byte(`{"html":"<html><body><h1>Hello World</h1></body></html>","filename":"HelloWorld.pdf"}`))
+			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", fmt.Sprintf("https://www.appsynergy.com/api?action=HTML2PDF&apiKey=%s", string(resMatch)), payload)
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
@@ -59,7 +51,6 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
-					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/apptivo/apptivo.go

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 package apptivo
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
+
+	"io/ioutil"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -15,60 +16,52 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
-// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
-	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"apptivo"}) + `\b([a-z0-9-]{36})\b`)
 	idPat  = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"apptivo"}) + `\b([a-zA-Z0-9-]{32})\b`)
 )
 
-// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{"apptivo"}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
+	return [][]byte{[]byte("apptivo")}
 }
 
-// FromData will find and optionally verify Apptivo secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	dataStr := string(data)
-
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
-	idMatches := idPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	idMatches := idPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
 		for _, idMatch := range idMatches {
 			if len(idMatch) != 2 {
 				continue
 			}
-			resIdMatch := strings.TrimSpace(idMatch[1])
+			resIdMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(idMatch[1])
 
 			s1 := detectors.Result{
 				DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Apptivo,
-				Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
-				RawV2:        []byte(resMatch + resIdMatch),
+				Raw:          resMatch,
+				RawV2:        append(resMatch, resIdMatch...),
 			}
 
 			if verify {
-				req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("https://api.apptivo.com/app/dao/v6/leads?a=getConfigData&apiKey=%s&accessKey=%s", resMatch, resIdMatch), nil)
+				req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("https://api.apptivo.com/app/dao/v6/leads?a=getConfigData&apiKey=%s&accessKey=%s", string(resMatch), string(resIdMatch)), nil)
 				if err != nil {
 					continue
 				}
 				res, err := client.Do(req)
 				if err == nil {
-					bodyBytes, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
+					bodyBytes, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
 					if err != nil {
 						continue
 					}
-					bodyString := string(bodyBytes)
-					validResponse := strings.Contains(bodyString, `displayName`)
+					validResponse := bytes.Contains(bodyBytes, []byte(`displayName`))
 					defer res.Body.Close()
 					if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 						if validResponse {
@@ -77,7 +70,6 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 							s1.Verified = false
 						}
 					} else {
-						// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 						if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 							continue
 						}

pkg/detectors/artifactory/artifactory.go

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 package artifactory
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -19,58 +19,54 @@ var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
-	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
+	// Keep the regexp patterns unchanged
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(`\b([a-zA-Z0-9]{73})`)
 	URLPat = regexp.MustCompile(`\b([A-Za-z0-9](?:[A-Za-z0-9\-]{0,61}[A-Za-z0-9])\.jfrog\.io)`)
 )
 
 // Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{"artifactory"}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
+	return [][]byte{[]byte("artifactory")}
 }
 
 // FromData will find and optionally verify Artifactory secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	dataStr := string(data)
-	URLmatches := URLPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	URLmatches := URLPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+
+	var resURLMatch []byte
 
-	resURLMatch := ""
 	for _, URLmatch := range URLmatches {
 		if len(URLmatch) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resURLMatch = strings.TrimSpace(URLmatch[1])
-
+		resURLMatch = bytes.TrimSpace(URLmatch[1])
 	}
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_ArtifactoryAccessToken,
-			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
-			RawV2:        []byte(resMatch + resURLMatch),
+			Raw:          resMatch,
+			RawV2:        append(resMatch, resURLMatch...),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
-			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://"+resURLMatch+"/artifactory/api/storageinfo", nil)
+			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://"+string(resURLMatch)+"/artifactory/api/storageinfo", nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-
-			req.Header.Add("X-JFrog-Art-Api", resMatch)
+			req.Header.Add("X-JFrog-Art-Api", string(resMatch))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
-					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/artsy/artsy.go

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 package artsy
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -13,51 +13,44 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
-// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
-	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"artsy"}) + `\b([0-9a-zA-Z]{32})\b`)
 	idPat  = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"artsy"}) + `\b([0-9a-zA-Z]{20})\b`)
 )
 
-// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{"artsy"}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
+	return [][]byte{[]byte("artsy")}
 }
 
-// FromData will find and optionally verify Artsy secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	dataStr := string(data)
-
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
-	idmatches := idPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	idmatches := idPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		for _, idmatch := range idmatches {
 			if len(idmatch) != 2 {
 				continue
 			}
-			resIdMatch := strings.TrimSpace(idmatch[1])
+			resIdMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(idmatch[1])
 
 			s1 := detectors.Result{
 				DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Artsy,
-				Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
-				RawV2:        []byte(resMatch + resIdMatch),
+				Raw:          resMatch,
+				RawV2:        append(resMatch, resIdMatch...),
 			}
 
 			if verify {
-				req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", "https://api.artsy.net/api/tokens/xapp_token?client_id="+resIdMatch+"&client_secret="+resMatch, nil)
+				req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", "https://api.artsy.net/api/tokens/xapp_token?client_id="+string(resIdMatch)+"&client_secret="+string(resMatch), nil)
 				if err != nil {
 					continue
 				}
@@ -67,8 +60,7 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 					if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 						s1.Verified = true
 					} else {
-						// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
-						if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
+						if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(bytes.Join([][]byte{resMatch, resIdMatch}, nil), detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 							continue
 						}
 					}
@@ -77,7 +69,6 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 
 			results = append(results, s1)
 		}
-
 	}
 
 	return results, nil

pkg/detectors/asanaoauth/asanaoauth.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -20,31 +19,25 @@ var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
-	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"asana"}) + `\b([a-z\/:0-9]{51})\b`)
 )
 
-// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{"asana"}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
+	return [][]byte{[]byte("asana")}
 }
 
-// FromData will find and optionally verify AsanaOauth secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	dataStr := string(data)
-
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := match[1]
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_AsanaOauth,
-			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
+			Raw:          resMatch,
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -52,14 +45,13 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", resMatch))
+			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", string(resMatch)))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
-			if err == nil {
+			if err == nil && res.Body != nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
-					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/asanapersonalaccesstoken/asanapersonalaccesstoken.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package asanapersonalaccesstoken
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
-// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
@@ -23,27 +22,22 @@ var (
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"asana"}) + `\b([0-9]{1,}\/[0-9]{16,}:[A-Za-z0-9]{32,})\b`)
 )
 
-// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{"asana"}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
+	return [][]byte{[]byte("asana")}
 }
 
-// FromData will find and optionally verify AsanaPersonalAccessToken secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	dataStr := string(data)
-
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_AsanaPersonalAccessToken,
-			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
+			Raw:          resMatch,
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -51,14 +45,13 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", resMatch))
+			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", string(resMatch)))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
-
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/assemblyai/assemblyai.go

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 package assemblyai
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -19,31 +19,28 @@ var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
-	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
+	// Keep the regexp patterns unchanged
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"assemblyai"}) + `\b([0-9a-z]{32})\b`)
 )
 
 // Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{"assemblyai"}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
+	return [][]byte{[]byte("assemblyai")}
 }
 
 // FromData will find and optionally verify Assemblyai secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	dataStr := string(data)
-
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_AssemblyAI,
-			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
+			Raw:          resMatch,
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -52,14 +49,13 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				continue
 			}
 			req.Header.Add("Content-Type", "application/json")
-			req.Header.Add("Authorization", resMatch)
+			req.Header.Add("Authorization", string(resMatch))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
-					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/atera/atera.go

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 package atera
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -18,32 +18,27 @@ var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
-
-	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
-	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"atera"}) + `\b([[0-9a-z]{32})\b`)
+	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"atera"}) + `\b([0-9a-z]{32})\b`)
 )
 
 // Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{"atera"}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
+	return [][]byte{[]byte("atera")}
 }
 
 // FromData will find and optionally verify Atera secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	dataStr := string(data)
-
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Atera,
-			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
+			Raw:          resMatch,
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -52,14 +47,14 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				continue
 			}
 			req.Header.Add("Accept", "application/json")
-			req.Header.Add("X-API-KEY", resMatch)
+			req.Header.Add("X-API-KEY", string(resMatch))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
-					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
+					// Consider adding the []byte conversion here if the input also changed to a []byte.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/audd/audd.go

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 package audd
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -26,30 +26,26 @@ var (
 )
 
 // Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{"audd"}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
+	return [][]byte{[]byte("audd")}
 }
 
-// FromData will find and optionally verify Audd secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	dataStr := string(data)
-
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Audd,
-			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
+			Raw:          resMatch,
 		}
 
 		if verify {
-			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("https://api.audd.io/setCallbackUrl/?api_token=%s&url=https://yourwebsite.com/callbacks_handler/", resMatch), nil)
+			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("https://api.audd.io/setCallbackUrl/?api_token=%s&url=https://yourwebsite.com/callbacks_handler/", string(resMatch)), nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
@@ -57,9 +53,8 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			if err == nil {
 				bodyBytes, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 				if err == nil {
-					bodyString := string(bodyBytes)
-					validResponse := strings.Contains(bodyString, `"status":"success"`)
 					defer res.Body.Close()
+					validResponse := bytes.Contains(bodyBytes, []byte(`"status":"success"`))
 					if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 						if validResponse {
 							s1.Verified = true
@@ -67,7 +62,6 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 							s1.Verified = false
 						}
 					} else {
-						// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 						if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 							continue
 						}

pkg/detectors/auth0managementapitoken/auth0managementapitoken.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,36 +13,28 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
-// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
-	// long jwt token but note this is default 8640000 seconds = 24 hours but could be set to maximum 2592000 seconds = 720 hours = 30 days
-	// at https://manage.auth0.com/dashboard/us/dev-63memjo3/apis/management/explorer
 	managementApiTokenPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"auth0"}) + `\b(ey[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)\b`)
-	domainPat             = regexp.MustCompile(`([a-zA-Z0-9\-]{2,16}\.[a-zA-Z0-9_-]{2,3}\.auth0\.com)`) // could be part of url
+	domainPat             = regexp.MustCompile(`([a-zA-Z0-9\-]{2,16}\.[a-zA-Z0-9_-]{2,3}\.auth0\.com)`)
 )
 
-// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{"auth0"}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
+	return [][]byte{[]byte("auth0")}
 }
 
-// FromData will find and optionally verify Auth0ManagementApiToken secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	dataStr := string(data)
-
-	managementApiTokenMatches := managementApiTokenPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
-	domainMatches := domainPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	managementApiTokenMatches := managementApiTokenPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	domainMatches := domainPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
 
 	for _, managementApiTokenMatch := range managementApiTokenMatches {
 		if len(managementApiTokenMatch) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		managementApiTokenRes := strings.TrimSpace(managementApiTokenMatch[1])
+		managementApiTokenRes := managementApiTokenMatch[1]
 		if len(managementApiTokenRes) < 2000 || len(managementApiTokenRes) > 5000 {
 			continue
 		}
@@ -52,25 +43,22 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			if len(domainMatch) != 2 {
 				continue
 			}
-			domainRes := strings.TrimSpace(domainMatch[1])
+
+			domainRes := domainMatch[1]
 
 			s1 := detectors.Result{
 				DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Auth0ManagementApiToken,
-				Redacted:     domainRes,
-				Raw:          []byte(managementApiTokenRes),
-				RawV2:        []byte(managementApiTokenRes + domainRes),
+				Redacted:     string(domainRes),
+				Raw:          managementApiTokenRes,
+				RawV2:        append(managementApiTokenRes, domainRes...),
 			}
 
 			if verify {
-				/*
-				   curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $token" https://domain/api/v2/users
-				*/
-
-				req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://"+domainRes+"/api/v2/users", nil)
+				req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://"+string(domainRes)+"/api/v2/users", nil)
 				if err != nil {
 					continue
 				}
-				req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", managementApiTokenRes))
+				req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", string(managementApiTokenRes)))
 				res, err := client.Do(req)
 				if err == nil {
 					defer res.Body.Close()

pkg/detectors/auth0oauth/auth0oauth.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package auth0oauth
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
@@ -15,7 +16,6 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
-// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
@@ -23,64 +23,54 @@ var (
 
 	clientIdPat     = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"auth0"}) + `\b([a-zA-Z0-9_-]{32,60})\b`)
 	clientSecretPat = regexp.MustCompile(`\b([a-zA-Z0-9_-]{64,})\b`)
-	domainPat       = regexp.MustCompile(`\b([a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9._-]*auth0\.com)\b`) // could be part of url
+	domainPat       = regexp.MustCompile(`\b([a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9._-]*auth0\.com)\b`)
 )
 
-// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{"auth0"}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
+	return [][]byte{[]byte("auth0")}
 }
 
-// FromData will find and optionally verify Auth0oauth secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	dataStr := string(data)
 
-	clientIdMatches := clientIdPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
-	clientSecretMatches := clientSecretPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
-	domainMatches := domainPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	clientIdMatches := clientIdPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	clientSecretMatches := clientSecretPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	domainMatches := domainPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
 
 	for _, clientIdMatch := range clientIdMatches {
 		if len(clientIdMatch) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		clientIdRes := strings.TrimSpace(clientIdMatch[1])
+		clientIdRes := bytes.TrimSpace(clientIdMatch[1])
 
 		for _, clientSecretMatch := range clientSecretMatches {
 			if len(clientSecretMatch) != 2 {
 				continue
 			}
-			clientSecretRes := strings.TrimSpace(clientSecretMatch[1])
+			clientSecretRes := bytes.TrimSpace(clientSecretMatch[1])
 
 			for _, domainMatch := range domainMatches {
 				if len(domainMatch) != 2 {
 					continue
 				}
-				domainRes := strings.TrimSpace(domainMatch[1])
+				domainRes := bytes.TrimSpace(domainMatch[1])
 
 				s1 := detectors.Result{
 					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Auth0oauth,
-					Redacted:     clientIdRes,
-					Raw:          []byte(clientSecretRes),
-					RawV2:        []byte(clientIdRes + clientSecretRes),
+					Redacted:     string(clientIdRes),
+					Raw:          clientSecretRes,
+					RawV2:        append(clientIdRes, clientSecretRes...),
 				}
 
 				if verify {
-					/*
-					   curl --request POST \
-					     --url 'https://YOUR_DOMAIN/oauth/token' \
-					     --header 'content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded' \
-					     --data 'grant_type=authorization_code&client_id=W44JmL3qD6LxHeEJyKe9lMuhcwvPOaOq&client_secret=YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET&code=AUTHORIZATION_CODE&redirect_uri=undefined'
-					*/
 
 					data := url.Values{}
 					data.Set("grant_type", "authorization_code")
-					data.Set("client_id", clientIdRes)
-					data.Set("client_secret", clientSecretRes)
+					data.Set("client_id", string(clientIdRes))
+					data.Set("client_secret", string(clientSecretRes))
 					data.Set("code", "AUTHORIZATION_CODE")
 					data.Set("redirect_uri", "undefined")
 
-					req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, "https://"+domainRes+"/oauth/token", strings.NewReader(data.Encode())) // URL-encoded payload
+					req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, "https://"+string(domainRes)+"/oauth/token", strings.NewReader(data.Encode()))
 					if err != nil {
 						continue
 					}
@@ -94,11 +84,7 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 						}
 						body := string(bodyBytes)
 
-						// if client_id and client_secret is valid -> 403 {"error":"invalid_grant","error_description":"Invalid authorization code"}
-						// if invalid -> 401 {"error":"access_denied","error_description":"Unauthorized"}
-						// ingenious!
-
-						if !strings.Contains(body, "access_denied") {
+						if !bytes.Contains(bodyBytes, []byte("access_denied")) {
 							s1.Verified = true
 						} else {
 							if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(clientIdRes, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {

pkg/detectors/autodesk/autodesk.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package autodesk
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,49 +14,41 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
-// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
-	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
-
-	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
+	client    = common.SaneHttpClient()
 	keyPat    = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"autodesk"}) + `\b([0-9A-Za-z]{32})\b`)
 	secretPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"autodesk"}) + `\b([0-9A-Za-z]{16})\b`)
 )
 
-// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{"autodesk"}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
+	return [][]byte{[]byte("autodesk")}
 }
 
-// FromData will find and optionally verify Autodesk secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	dataStr := string(data)
-
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
-	secretMatches := secretPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	secretMatches := secretPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
 		for _, secretMatch := range secretMatches {
 			if len(secretMatch) != 2 {
 				continue
 			}
-			resSecret := strings.TrimSpace(secretMatch[1])
+			resSecret := bytes.TrimSpace(secretMatch[1])
 
 			s1 := detectors.Result{
 				DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Autodesk,
-				Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
-				RawV2:        []byte(resMatch + resSecret),
+				Raw:          resMatch,
+				RawV2:        append(resMatch, resSecret...),
 			}
 
 			if verify {
-				payload := strings.NewReader(fmt.Sprintf(`grant_type=client_credentials&client_id=%s&client_secret=%s`, resMatch, resSecret))
+				payload := bytes.NewReader([]byte(fmt.Sprintf(`grant_type=client_credentials&client_id=%s&client_secret=%s`, string(resMatch), string(resSecret))))
 				req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", "https://developer.api.autodesk.com/authentication/v1/authenticate", payload)
 				if err != nil {
 					continue
@@ -68,7 +60,6 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 					if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 						s1.Verified = true
 					} else {
-						// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 						if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 							continue
 						}

pkg/detectors/autoklose/autoklose.go

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 package autoklose
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -16,41 +16,34 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
-// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
-	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"autoklose"}) + `\b([a-zA-Z0-9-]{32})\b`)
 )
 
-// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{"autoklose"}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
+	return [][]byte{[]byte("autoklose")}
 }
 
-// FromData will find and optionally verify Autoklose secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	dataStr := string(data)
-
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Autoklose,
-			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
+			Raw:          resMatch,
 		}
 
 		if verify {
-			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("https://api.autoklose.com/api/campaigns/?api_token=%s", resMatch), nil)
+			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("https://api.autoklose.com/api/campaigns/?api_token=%s", string(resMatch)), nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
@@ -68,7 +61,6 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 						s1.Verified = false
 					}
 				} else {
-					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/autopilot/autopilot.go

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 package autopilot
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -13,37 +13,30 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
-// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
-	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"autopilot"}) + `\b([0-9a-f]{32})\b`)
 )
 
-// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{"autopilot"}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
+	return [][]byte{[]byte("autopilot")}
 }
 
-// FromData will find and optionally verify AutoPilot secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	dataStr := string(data)
-
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_AutoPilot,
-			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
+			Raw:          resMatch,
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -51,14 +44,13 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			req.Header.Add("autopilotapikey", resMatch)
+			req.Header.Add("autopilotapikey", string(resMatch))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
-					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/avazapersonalaccesstoken/avazapersonalaccesstoken.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package avazapersonalaccesstoken
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,53 +14,43 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
-// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
-
-	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
-	// The number prefix increments for every Personal Access Token created.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"avaza"}) + `\b([0-9]+-[0-9a-f]{40})\b`)
 )
 
-// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{"avaza"}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
+	return [][]byte{[]byte("avaza")}
 }
 
-// FromData will find and optionally verify AvazaPersonalAccessToken secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	dataStr := string(data)
-
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_AvazaPersonalAccessToken,
-			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
+			Raw:          resMatch,
 		}
 
 		if verify {
-			req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "https://api.avaza.com/api/Account", nil)
+			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://api.avaza.com/api/Account", nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", resMatch))
+			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", string(resMatch)))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
-					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/aviationstack/aviationstack.go

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 package aviationstack
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
-	"time"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -21,37 +20,31 @@ var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
-	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"aviationstack"}) + `\b([a-z0-9]{32})\b`)
 )
 
 // Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{"aviationstack"}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
+	return [][]byte{[]byte("aviationstack")}
 }
 
 // FromData will find and optionally verify AviationStack secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	dataStr := string(data)
-
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_AviationStack,
-			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
+			Raw:          resMatch,
 		}
 
 		if verify {
-			timeout := 10 * time.Second
-			client.Timeout = timeout
-			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("https://api.aviationstack.com/v1/flights?access_key=%s", resMatch), nil)
+			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("https://api.aviationstack.com/v1/flights?access_key=%s", string(resMatch)), nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
@@ -61,7 +54,6 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
-					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/aws/aws.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package aws
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"crypto/hmac"
 	"crypto/sha256"
@@ -19,7 +20,8 @@ import (
 
 type scanner struct {
 	verificationClient *http.Client
-	skipIDs            map[string]struct{}
+
+	skipIDs map[string]struct{}
 }
 
 func New(opts ...func(*scanner)) *scanner {
@@ -61,14 +63,13 @@ var (
 	falsePositiveSecretCheck = regexp.MustCompile(`[a-f0-9]{40}`)
 )
 
-// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{
-		"AKIA",
-		"ABIA",
-		"ACCA",
-		"ASIA",
+// Returning the keywords as byte arrays
+func (s scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
+	return [][]byte{
+		[]byte("AKIA"),
+		[]byte("ABIA"),
+		[]byte("ACCA"),
+		[]byte("ASIA"),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -87,19 +88,17 @@ func GetHMAC(key []byte, data []byte) []byte {
 
 // FromData will find and optionally verify AWS secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	dataStr := string(data)
-
-	idMatches := idPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
-	secretMatches := secretPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	idMatches := idPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	secretMatches := secretPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
 
 	for _, idMatch := range idMatches {
 		if len(idMatch) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resIDMatch := strings.TrimSpace(idMatch[1])
+		resIDMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(idMatch[1])
 
 		if s.skipIDs != nil {
-			if _, ok := s.skipIDs[resIDMatch]; ok {
+			if _, ok := s.skipIDs[string(resIDMatch)]; ok {
 				continue
 			}
 		}
@@ -108,13 +107,13 @@ func (s scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			if len(secretMatch) != 2 {
 				continue
 			}
-			resSecretMatch := strings.TrimSpace(secretMatch[1])
+			resSecretMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(secretMatch[1])
 
 			s1 := detectors.Result{
 				DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_AWS,
-				Raw:          []byte(resIDMatch),
-				Redacted:     resIDMatch,
-				RawV2:        []byte(resIDMatch + resSecretMatch),
+				Raw:          resIDMatch,
+				Redacted:     string(resIDMatch),
+				RawV2:        append(append([]byte(nil), resIDMatch...), resSecretMatch...),
 			}
 
 			if verify {
@@ -146,17 +145,17 @@ func (s scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				params.Add("Action", "GetCallerIdentity")
 				params.Add("Version", "2011-06-15")
 				params.Add("X-Amz-Algorithm", algorithm)
-				params.Add("X-Amz-Credential", resIDMatch+"/"+credentialScope)
+				params.Add("X-Amz-Credential", string(resIDMatch)+"/"+credentialScope)
 				params.Add("X-Amz-Date", amzDate)
 				params.Add("X-Amz-Expires", "30")
 				params.Add("X-Amz-SignedHeaders", signedHeaders)
 
 				canonicalQuerystring := params.Encode()
 				payloadHash := GetHash("") // empty payload
-				canonicalRequest := method + "\n" + canonicalURI + "\n" + canonicalQuerystring + "\n" + canonicalHeaders + "\n" + signedHeaders + "\n" + payloadHash
+				canonicalRequest := string(method) + "\n" + string(canonicalURI) + "\n" + string(canonicalQuerystring) + "\n" + string(canonicalHeaders) + "\n" + string(signedHeaders) + "\n" + string(payloadHash)
 
 				// TASK 2: CREATE THE STRING TO SIGN.
-				stringToSign := algorithm + "\n" + amzDate + "\n" + credentialScope + "\n" + GetHash(canonicalRequest)
+				stringToSign := string(algorithm) + "\n" + string(amzDate) + "\n" + string(credentialScope) + "\n" + string(GetHash(canonicalRequest))
 
 				// TASK 3: CALCULATE THE SIGNATURE.
 				// https://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/sigv4-calculate-signature.html
@@ -228,7 +227,7 @@ func (s scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			}
 
 			// If the result is unverified and matches something like a git hash, don't include it in the results.
-			if !s1.Verified && falsePositiveSecretCheck.MatchString(resSecretMatch) {
+			if !s1.Verified && falsePositiveSecretCheck.Match(resSecretMatch) {
 				continue
 			}
 
@@ -242,6 +241,157 @@ func (s scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 	return awsCustomCleanResults(results), nil
 }
 
+// func (s scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
+// 	idMatches := idPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+// 	secretMatches := secretPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+//
+// 	for _, idMatch := range idMatches {
+// 		if len(idMatch) != 2 {
+// 			continue
+// 		}
+// 		resIDMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(idMatch[1])
+//
+// 		if s.skipIDs != nil {
+// 			if _, ok := s.skipIDs[string(resIDMatch)]; ok {
+// 				continue
+// 			}
+// 		}
+//
+// 		for _, secretMatch := range secretMatches {
+// 			if len(secretMatch) != 2 {
+// 				continue
+// 			}
+// 			resSecretMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(secretMatch[1])
+//
+// 			s1 := detectors.Result{
+// 				DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_AWS,
+// 				Raw:          resIDMatch,
+// 				Redacted:     string(resIDMatch),
+// 				RawV2:        append(append([]byte(nil), resIDMatch...), resSecretMatch...),
+// 			}
+//
+// 			if verify {
+// 				// Each string operation is converted into byte operations
+//
+// 				method := []byte("GET")
+// 				service := []byte("sts")
+// 				host := []byte("sts.amazonaws.com")
+// 				region := []byte("us-east-1")
+// 				endpoint := []byte("https://sts.amazonaws.com")
+// 				datestamp := []byte(time.Now().UTC().Format("20060102"))
+// 				amzDate := []byte(time.Now().UTC().Format("20060102T150405Z0700"))
+//
+// 				req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, string(method), string(endpoint), nil)
+// 				if err != nil {
+// 					continue
+// 				}
+// 				req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json")
+//
+// 				// Byte operations for the subsequent string operations
+//
+// 				canonicalURI := []byte("/")
+// 				canonicalHeaders := []byte("host:" + string(host) + "\n")
+// 				signedHeaders := []byte("host")
+// 				algorithm := []byte("AWS4-HMAC-SHA256")
+// 				credentialScope := []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/%s/aws4_request", datestamp, region, service))
+//
+// 				params := req.URL.Query()
+// 				params.Add("Action", "GetCallerIdentity")
+// 				params.Add("Version", "2011-06-15")
+// 				params.Add("X-Amz-Algorithm", string(algorithm))
+// 				params.Add("X-Amz-Credential", string(resIDMatch)+"/"+string(credentialScope))
+// 				params.Add("X-Amz-Date", string(amzDate))
+// 				params.Add("X-Amz-Expires", "30")
+// 				params.Add("X-Amz-SignedHeaders", string(signedHeaders))
+//
+// 				canonicalQuerystring := params.Encode()
+// 				payloadHash := GetHash([]byte("")) // empty payload
+// 				canonicalRequest := string(method) + "\n" + string(canonicalURI) + "\n" + string(canonicalQuerystring) + "\n" + string(canonicalHeaders) + "\n" + string(signedHeaders) + "\n" + string(payloadHash)
+//
+// 				// TASK 2: CREATE THE STRING TO SIGN.
+// 				stringToSign := string(algorithm) + "\n" + string(amzDate) + "\n" + string(credentialScope) + "\n" + string(GetHash([]byte(canonicalRequest)))
+//
+// 				hash := GetHMAC([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("AWS4%s", string(resSecretMatch))), datestamp)
+// 				hash = GetHMAC(hash, region)
+// 				hash = GetHMAC(hash, service)
+// 				hash = GetHMAC(hash, []byte("aws4_request"))
+//
+// 				signature2 := GetHMAC(hash, []byte(stringToSign)) // Get Signature HMAC SHA256
+// 				signature := hex.EncodeToString(signature2)
+//
+// 				params.Add("X-Amz-Signature", signature)
+// 				req.Header.Add("Content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8")
+// 				req.URL.RawQuery = params.Encode()
+//
+// 				client := s.verificationClient
+// 				if client == nil {
+// 					client = defaultVerificationClient
+// 				}
+// 				res, err := client.Do(req)
+// 				if err == nil {
+//
+// 					if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
+// 						identityInfo := identityRes{}
+// 						err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(&identityInfo)
+// 						if err == nil {
+// 							s1.Verified = true
+// 							s1.ExtraData = map[string]string{
+// 								"account": identityInfo.GetCallerIdentityResponse.GetCallerIdentityResult.Account,
+// 								"user_id": identityInfo.GetCallerIdentityResponse.GetCallerIdentityResult.UserID,
+// 								"arn":     identityInfo.GetCallerIdentityResponse.GetCallerIdentityResult.Arn,
+// 							}
+// 						} else {
+// 							s1.VerificationError = err
+// 						}
+// 						res.Body.Close()
+// 					} else {
+// 						// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears "random" enough to be a real key.
+// 						if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resSecretMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
+// 							continue
+// 						}
+//
+// 						if res.StatusCode == 403 {
+// 							var body awsErrorResponseBody
+// 							err = json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(&body)
+// 							res.Body.Close()
+// 							if err == nil {
+// 								// All instances of the code I've seen in the wild are PascalCased but this check is
+// 								// case-insensitive out of an abundance of caution
+// 								if strings.EqualFold(body.Error.Code, "InvalidClientTokenId") {
+// 									// determinate failure - nothing to do
+// 								} else {
+// 									// We see a surprising number of false-negative signature mismatch errors here
+// 									// (The official SDK somehow elicits even more than just making the request
+// 									// ourselves)
+// 									s1.VerificationError = fmt.Errorf("request to %v returned status %d with an unexpected reason (%s: %s)", res.Request.URL, res.StatusCode, body.Error.Code, body.Error.Message)
+// 								}
+// 							} else {
+// 								s1.VerificationError = fmt.Errorf("couldn't parse the sts response body (%v)", err)
+// 							}
+// 						} else {
+// 							s1.VerificationError = fmt.Errorf("request to %v returned unexpected status %d", res.Request.URL, res.StatusCode)
+// 						}
+// 					}
+// 				} else {
+// 					s1.VerificationError = err
+// 				}
+// 			}
+//
+// 			// If the result is unverified and matches something like a git hash, don't include it in the results.
+// 			if !s1.Verified && falsePositiveSecretCheck.Match(resSecretMatch) {
+// 				continue
+// 			}
+//
+// 			results = append(results, s1)
+// 			// If we've found a verified match with this ID, we don't need to look for any more. So move on to the next ID.
+// 			if s1.Verified {
+// 				break
+// 			}
+// 		}
+// 	}
+// 	return awsCustomCleanResults(results), nil
+// }
+
 func awsCustomCleanResults(results []detectors.Result) []detectors.Result {
 	if len(results) == 0 {
 		return results

pkg/detectors/axonaut/axonaut.go

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 package axonaut
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -13,29 +13,37 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
+
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"axonaut"}) + `\b([a-z0-9]{32})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("axonaut")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"axonaut"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Axonaut secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Axonaut,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -43,13 +51,14 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			req.Header.Add("userApiKey", string(resMatch))
+			req.Header.Add("userApiKey", resMatch)
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/aylien/aylien.go

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 package aylien
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -26,48 +26,49 @@ var (
 
 // Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
 // Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("aylien")}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"aylien"}
 }
 
 // FromData will find and optionally verify Aylien secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
-	idMatches := idPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	idMatches := idPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		for _, idMatch := range idMatches {
 			if len(idMatch) != 2 {
 				continue
 			}
-			resIdMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(idMatch[1])
-			newSecret := append(resMatch, resIdMatch...)
+
+			resIdMatch := strings.TrimSpace(idMatch[1])
 
 			s1 := detectors.Result{
 				DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Aylien,
-				Raw:          resMatch,
-				RawV2:        newSecret,
+				Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
+				RawV2:        []byte(resMatch + resIdMatch),
 			}
-
 			if verify {
 				req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://api.aylien.com/news/stories", nil)
 				if err != nil {
 					continue
 				}
-				req.Header.Add("X-AYLIEN-NewsAPI-Application-ID", string(resMatch))
-				req.Header.Add("X-AYLIEN-NewsAPI-Application-Key", string(resIdMatch))
+				req.Header.Add("X-AYLIEN-NewsAPI-Application-ID", resIdMatch)
+				req.Header.Add("X-AYLIEN-NewsAPI-Application-Key", resMatch)
 				res, err := client.Do(req)
 				if err == nil {
 					defer res.Body.Close()
 					if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 						s1.Verified = true
 					} else {
-						if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(newSecret, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
+						// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
+						if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 							continue
 						}
 					}

pkg/detectors/ayrshare/ayrshare.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package ayrshare
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,28 +14,37 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
+
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"ayrshare"}) + `\b([A-Z]{7}-[A-Z0-9]{7}-[A-Z0-9]{7}-[A-Z0-9]{7})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("ayrshare")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"ayrshare"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Ayrshare secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
+
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Ayrshare,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -43,21 +52,24 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", string(resMatch)))
+			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", resMatch))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
+
 		results = append(results, s1)
 	}
+
 	return results, nil
 }
 

pkg/detectors/azure/azure.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest/azure/auth"
+
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/pb/detectorspb"
 )
@@ -30,33 +31,35 @@ var (
 	tenantIDPat = mustFmtPat("tenant_id", idPatFmt)
 
 	// TODO: support old patterns
-	secretPatFmt    = `(?i)(%s).{0,20}([a-z0-9_.\-~]{34})`
+	secretPatFmt    = `(?i)(%s).{0,20}([a-z0-9_\.\-~]{34})`
 	clientSecretPat = mustFmtPat("client_secret", secretPatFmt)
 )
 
 // Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("azure")}
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"azure"}
 }
 
 // FromData will find and optionally verify Azure secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	clientSecretMatches := clientSecretPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
 
+	clientSecretMatches := clientSecretPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 	for _, clientSecret := range clientSecretMatches {
-		tenantIDMatches := tenantIDPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+		tenantIDMatches := tenantIDPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 		for _, tenantID := range tenantIDMatches {
-			clientIDMatches := clientIDPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+			clientIDMatches := clientIDPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 			for _, clientID := range clientIDMatches {
 				s := detectors.Result{
 					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Azure,
-					Raw:          clientSecret[2],
-					RawV2:        append(clientID[2], append(clientSecret[2], tenantID[2]...)...),
-					Redacted:     string(clientID[2]),
+					Raw:          []byte(clientSecret[2]),
+					RawV2:        []byte(clientID[2] + clientSecret[2] + tenantID[2]),
+					Redacted:     clientID[2],
 				}
 
 				if verify {
-					cred := auth.NewClientCredentialsConfig(string(clientID[2]), string(clientSecret[2]), string(tenantID[2]))
+					cred := auth.NewClientCredentialsConfig(clientID[2], clientSecret[2], tenantID[2])
 					token, err := cred.ServicePrincipalToken()
 					if err != nil {
 						continue
@@ -68,10 +71,10 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				}
 
 				if !s.Verified {
-					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive([]byte(s.Redacted), detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
+					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(s.Redacted, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}
-					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(s.Raw, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
+					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(string(s.Raw), detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}
 				}

pkg/detectors/bannerbear/bannerbear.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package bannerbear
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -20,29 +20,31 @@ var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
-	// Keep the regexp patterns unchanged
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"bannerbear"}) + `\b([0-9a-zA-Z]{22}tt)\b`)
 )
 
 // Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("bannerbear")}
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"bannerbear"}
 }
 
 // FromData will find and optionally verify Bannerbear secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
+	dataStr := string(data)
 
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Bannerbear,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -57,6 +59,7 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/baremetrics/baremetrics.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package baremetrics
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,30 +14,37 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"baremetrics"}) + `\b([a-zA-Z0-9_]{25})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("baremetrics")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"baremetrics"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Baremetrics secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Baremetrics,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -45,13 +52,14 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", string(resMatch)))
+			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", resMatch))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/baseapiio/baseapiio.go

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 package baseapiio
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,30 +15,37 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"baseapi", "base-api"}) + `\b([0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("baseapi"), []byte("base-api")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"baseapi", "base-api"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify BaseApiIO secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_BaseApiIO,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -45,17 +53,24 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", string(resMatch)))
+			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", resMatch))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
-				if bytes.Contains(resMatch, []byte("items")) {
+				bodyBytes, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
+				if err != nil {
+					continue
+				}
+				body := string(bodyBytes)
+
+				if strings.Contains(body, "items") {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}
 				}
+
 			}
 		}
 

pkg/detectors/beamer/beamer.go

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 package beamer
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -19,27 +19,31 @@ var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"beamer"}) + `\b([a-zA-Z0-9_+/]{45}=)`)
 )
 
 // Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("beamer")}
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"beamer"}
 }
 
 // FromData will find and optionally verify Beamer secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Beamer,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -47,14 +51,14 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			req.Header.Add("Beamer-Api-Key", string(resMatch))
+			req.Header.Add("Beamer-Api-Key", resMatch)
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
-
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/beebole/beebole.go

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 package beebole
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	b64 "encoding/base64"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -15,50 +15,56 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"beebole"}) + `\b([0-9a-z]{40})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("beebole")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"beebole"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Beebole secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Beebole,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
-			data := fmt.Sprintf("%s:X", string(resMatch))
+			data := fmt.Sprintf("%s:X", resMatch)
 			sEnc := b64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(data))
-			payload := bytes.NewReader([]byte(`{"service": "custom_field.list"}`))
+			payload := strings.NewReader(`{"service": "custom_field.list"}`)
 			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", "https://beebole-apps.com/api/v2", payload)
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-
 			req.Header.Add("Content-Type", "application/json")
 			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Basic %s", sEnc))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
-
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/besnappy/besnappy.go

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 package besnappy
 
 import (
-	b "bytes"
 	"context"
 	b64 "encoding/base64"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -15,30 +15,37 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
+
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"besnappy"}) + `\b([a-f0-9]{64})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("besnappy")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"besnappy"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Besnappy secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
+	dataStr := string(data)
 
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := b.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Besnappy,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 		if verify {
 			data := fmt.Sprintf("%s:x", resMatch)
@@ -54,6 +61,7 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/besttime/besttime.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package besttime
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,54 +14,61 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
+
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"besttime"}) + `\b([0-9A-Za-z_]{36})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("besttime")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"besttime"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Besttime secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Besttime,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
-			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://besttime.app/api/v1/keys/"+string(resMatch), nil)
+			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://besttime.app/api/v1/keys/"+resMatch, nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
-			if err != nil {
-				continue
-			}
-			defer res.Body.Close()
-			bodyBytes, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
-			if err != nil {
-				continue
-			}
-
-			if bytes.Contains(bodyBytes, []byte(`"status": "OK"`)) {
-				s1.Verified = true
-			} else {
-				if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
+			if err == nil {
+				defer res.Body.Close()
+				bodyBytes, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
+				if err != nil {
 					continue
 				}
+				body := string(bodyBytes)
+
+				if strings.Contains(body, `"status": "OK"`) {
+					s1.Verified = true
+				} else {
+					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
+						continue
+					}
+				}
+
 			}
 		}
 

pkg/detectors/billomat/billomat.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package billomat
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -20,49 +20,55 @@ var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"billomat"}) + `\b([0-9a-z]{32})\b`)
 	idPat  = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"billomat"}) + `\b([0-9a-z]{1,})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("billomat")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"billomat"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Billomat secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
-	idMatches := idPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	idMatches := idPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
-
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 		for _, idMatch := range idMatches {
 			if len(idMatch) != 2 {
 				continue
 			}
-			resId := bytes.TrimSpace(idMatch[1])
+			resId := strings.TrimSpace(idMatch[1])
 
 			s1 := detectors.Result{
 				DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Billomat,
-				Raw:          resMatch,
-				RawV2:        append(resMatch, resId...),
+				Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
+				RawV2:        []byte(resMatch + resId),
 			}
 
 			if verify {
-				req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("https://%s.billomat.net/api/v2/clients/myself", string(resId)), nil)
+				req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("https://%s.billomat.net/api/v2/clients/myself", resId), nil)
 				if err != nil {
 					continue
 				}
 				req.Header.Add("Content-Type", "application/json")
-				req.Header.Add("X-BillomatApiKey", string(resMatch))
+				req.Header.Add("X-BillomatApiKey", resMatch)
 				res, err := client.Do(req)
 				if err == nil {
 					defer res.Body.Close()
 					if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 						s1.Verified = true
 					} else {
+						// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 						if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 							continue
 						}

pkg/detectors/bitbar/bitbar.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,34 +15,42 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
+
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"bitbar"}) + `\b([0-9a-z]{32})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("bitbar")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"bitbar"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Bitbar secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := match[1]
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Bitbar,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
-			data := []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%s:", resMatch))
-			baseToken := b64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(data)
+			data := fmt.Sprintf("%s:", resMatch)
+			baseToken := b64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(data))
 			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://cloud.bitbar.com/api/me", nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
@@ -54,6 +63,7 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/bitcoinaverage/bitcoinaverage.go

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 package bitcoinaverage
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -19,38 +19,45 @@ var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"bitcoinaverage"}) + `\b([a-zA-Z0-9]{43})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("bitcoinaverage")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"bitcoinaverage"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify BitcoinAverage secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_BitcoinAverage,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 		if verify {
 			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://apiv2.bitcoinaverage.com/websocket/get_ticket", nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			req.Header.Add("x-ba-key", string(resMatch))
+			req.Header.Add("x-ba-key", resMatch)
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/bitfinex/bitfinex.go

@@ -1,80 +1,99 @@
 package bitfinex
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"flag"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/bitfinexcom/bitfinex-api-go/v2/rest"
+	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
-	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/pb/detectorspb"
 )
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
-	client       = common.SaneHttpClient()
+	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
+
+	// related resource https://medium.com/@Bitfinex/api-development-update-april-65fe52f84124
 	apiKeyPat    = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"bitfinex"}) + `\b([A-Za-z0-9_-]{43})\b`)
 	apiSecretPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"bitfinex"}) + `\b([A-Za-z0-9_-]{43})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("bitfinex")}
+var (
+	api = flag.String("api", "https://api-pub.bitfinex.com/v2/", "v2 REST API URL")
+)
+
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"bitfinex"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Bitfinex secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	apiKeyMatches := apiKeyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
-	apiSecretMatches := apiSecretPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	apiKeyMatches := apiKeyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	apiSecretMatches := apiSecretPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, apiKeyMatch := range apiKeyMatches {
 		if len(apiKeyMatch) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		apiKeyRes := bytes.TrimSpace(apiKeyMatch[1])
+		apiKeyRes := strings.TrimSpace(apiKeyMatch[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Bitfinex,
-			Raw:          apiKeyRes,
+			Raw:          []byte(apiKeyRes),
 		}
 
 		for _, apiSecretMatch := range apiSecretMatches {
 			if len(apiSecretMatch) != 2 {
 				continue
 			}
-			apiSecretRes := bytes.TrimSpace(apiSecretMatch[1])
+			apiSecretRes := strings.TrimSpace(apiSecretMatch[1])
 
-			if bytes.Equal(apiKeyRes, apiSecretRes) {
+			if apiKeyRes == apiSecretRes {
 				continue
 			}
 
 			if verify {
-				key := string(apiKeyRes)
-				secret := string(apiSecretRes)
-				http.DefaultClient = client
-				c := rest.NewClient().Credentials(key, secret)
+				// thankfully official golang examples exist but you just need to dig their many repos https://github.com/bitfinexcom/bitfinex-api-go/blob/master/examples/v2/rest-orders/main.go
+				key := apiKeyRes
+				secret := apiSecretRes
+				http.DefaultClient = client // filed https://github.com/bitfinexcom/bitfinex-api-go/issues/238 to improve this
+				c := rest.NewClientWithURL(*api).Credentials(key, secret)
 
-				isValid := true
+				isValid := true // assume valid
 				_, err = c.Orders.AllHistory()
 				if err != nil {
-					if bytes.HasPrefix([]byte(err.Error()), []byte("POST https://")) {
+					if strings.HasPrefix(err.Error(), "POST https://") { // eg POST https://api-pub.bitfinex.com/v2/auth/r/orders/hist: 500 apikey: digest invalid (10100)
 						isValid = false
-					} else if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(apiKeyRes, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
-						continue
+					} else {
+						if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(apiKeyRes, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
+							continue
+						}
 					}
 				}
 
 				s1.Verified = isValid
+				// If there is a valid one, we need to stop iterating now and return the valid result
 				if isValid {
 					break
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
+		// By appending resutls in the outer loop we can reduce false positives if there are multiple
+		// combinations of secrets and IDs found.
 		if len(apiSecretMatches) > 0 {
 			results = append(results, s1)
 		}

pkg/detectors/bitlyaccesstoken/bitlyaccesstoken.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package bitlyaccesstoken
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,30 +14,37 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"bitly"}) + `\b([a-zA-Z-0-9]{40})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("bitly")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"bitly"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify BitLyAccessToken secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_BitLyAccessToken,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -45,13 +52,14 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", string(resMatch)))
+			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", resMatch))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/bitmex/bitmex.go

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package bitmex
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"crypto/hmac"
 	"crypto/sha256"
@@ -10,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"net/url"
 	"regexp"
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
@@ -19,40 +19,46 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
-	keyPat    = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"bitmex"}) + string([]byte{32, 13, 10}) + `[0-9a-zA-Z\-\_]{24}` + string([]byte{32, 13, 10}))
-	secretPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"bitmex"}) + string([]byte{32, 13, 10}) + `[0-9a-zA-Z\-\_]{48}` + string([]byte{32, 13, 10}))
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
+	keyPat    = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"bitmex"}) + `([ \r\n]{1}[0-9a-zA-Z\-\_]{24}[ \r\n]{1})`)
+	secretPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"bitmex"}) + `([ \r\n]{1}[0-9a-zA-Z\-\_]{48}[ \r\n]{1})`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("bitmex")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"bitmex"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Bitmex secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
+	dataStr := string(data)
 
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
-	secretMatches := secretPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	secretMatches := secretPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		for _, secretMatch := range secretMatches {
 			if len(secretMatch) != 2 {
 				continue
 			}
-			resSecretMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(secretMatch[1])
+			resSecretMatch := strings.TrimSpace(secretMatch[1])
 
 			s1 := detectors.Result{
 				DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Bitmex,
-				Raw:          resSecretMatch,
-				RawV2:        append(resMatch, resSecretMatch...),
+				Raw:          []byte(resSecretMatch),
+				RawV2:        []byte(resMatch + resSecretMatch),
 			}
 
 			if verify {
@@ -62,15 +68,14 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				path := "/api/v1/user"
 				payload := url.Values{}
 
-				signature := getBitmexSignature(timestamp, string(resSecretMatch), action, path, payload.Encode())
-
-				req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, action, "https://www.bitmex.com"+path, bytes.NewReader([]byte(payload.Encode())))
+				signature := getBitmexSignature(timestamp, resSecretMatch, action, path, payload.Encode())
 
+				req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, action, "https://www.bitmex.com"+path, strings.NewReader(payload.Encode()))
 				if err != nil {
 					continue
 				}
 				req.Header.Add("api-expires", timestamp)
-				req.Header.Add("api-key", string(resMatch))
+				req.Header.Add("api-key", resMatch)
 				req.Header.Add("api-signature", signature)
 				res, err := client.Do(req)
 				if err == nil {
@@ -78,6 +83,7 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 					if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 						s1.Verified = true
 					} else {
+						// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 						if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 							continue
 						}

pkg/detectors/blablabus/blablabus.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package blablabus
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,30 +14,37 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
+
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"blablabus"}) + `\b([0-9A-Za-z]{22})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("blablabus")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"blablabus"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Blablabus secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
+	dataStr := string(data)
 
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Blablabus,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -46,13 +53,14 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				continue
 			}
 			req.Header.Add("Content-Type", "application/json")
-			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Token %s", string(resMatch)))
+			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Token %s", resMatch))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/blazemeter/blazemeter.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package blazemeter
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -20,25 +20,31 @@ var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"blazemeter", "runscope"}) + `\b([0-9a-z]{8}-[0-9a-z]{4}-[0-9a-z]{4}-[0-9a-z]{4}-[0-9a-z]{12})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("blazemeter"), []byte("runscope")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"blazemeter", "runscope"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Blazemeter secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Blazemeter,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -47,13 +53,14 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				continue
 			}
 			req.Header.Add("Content-Type", "application/json")
-			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", string(resMatch)))
+			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", resMatch))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/blitapp/blitapp.go

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 package blitapp
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -13,30 +13,37 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"blitapp"}) + `\b([a-zA-Z0-9_-]{39})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("blitapp")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"blitapp"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify BlitApp secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_BlitApp,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -44,13 +51,14 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			req.Header.Add("API-Key", string(resMatch))
+			req.Header.Add("API-Key", resMatch)
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}