updating secret to s1 to match convention

* add client, add known false positive check

* fix idiosyncracies

* cleanup

* cleanup comment

* add unexpected error test case

---------

Co-authored-by: Dustin Decker <dustin@trufflesec.com>

main.go

@@ -105,11 +105,11 @@ var (
 	filesystemScanIncludePaths = filesystemScan.Flag("include-paths", "Path to file with newline separated regexes for files to include in scan.").Short('i').String()
 	filesystemScanExcludePaths = filesystemScan.Flag("exclude-paths", "Path to file with newline separated regexes for files to exclude in scan.").Short('x').String()
 
-	s3Scan    = cli.Command("s3", "Find credentials in S3 buckets.")
-	s3ScanKey = s3Scan.Flag("key", "S3 key used to authenticate. Can be provided with environment variable AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID.").Envar("AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID").String()
-	s3ScanRoleArns     = s3Scan.Flag("role-arn", "Specify the ARN of an IAM role to assume for scanning. You can repeat this flag.").Strings()
-	s3ScanSecret       = s3Scan.Flag("secret", "S3 secret used to authenticate. Can be provided with environment variable AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY.").Envar("AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY").String()
-	s3ScanSessionToken = s3Scan.Flag("session-token", "S3 session token used to authenticate temporary credentials. Can be provided with environment variable AWS_SESSION_TOKEN.").Envar("AWS_SESSION_TOKEN").String()
+	s3Scan              = cli.Command("s3", "Find credentials in S3 buckets.")
+	s3ScanKey           = s3Scan.Flag("key", "S3 key used to authenticate. Can be provided with environment variable AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID.").Envar("AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID").String()
+	s3ScanRoleArns      = s3Scan.Flag("role-arn", "Specify the ARN of an IAM role to assume for scanning. You can repeat this flag.").Strings()
+	s3ScanSecret        = s3Scan.Flag("secret", "S3 secret used to authenticate. Can be provided with environment variable AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY.").Envar("AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY").String()
+	s3ScanSessionToken  = s3Scan.Flag("session-token", "S3 session token used to authenticate temporary credentials. Can be provided with environment variable AWS_SESSION_TOKEN.").Envar("AWS_SESSION_TOKEN").String()
 	s3ScanCloudEnv      = s3Scan.Flag("cloud-environment", "Use IAM credentials in cloud environment.").Bool()
 	s3ScanBuckets       = s3Scan.Flag("bucket", "Name of S3 bucket to scan. You can repeat this flag.").Strings()
 	s3ScanMaxObjectSize = s3Scan.Flag("max-object-size", "Maximum size of objects to scan. Objects larger than this will be skipped. (Byte units eg. 512B, 2KB, 4MB)").Default("250MB").Bytes()
@@ -354,6 +354,10 @@ func run(state overseer.State) {
 		printer = new(output.PlainPrinter)
 	}
 
+	if !*jsonLegacy && !*jsonOut {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "🐷🔑🐷  TruffleHog. Unearth your secrets. 🐷🔑🐷\n\n")
+	}
+
 	e, err := engine.Start(ctx,
 		engine.WithConcurrency(uint8(*concurrency)),
 		engine.WithDecoders(decoders.DefaultDecoders()...),
@@ -469,7 +473,7 @@ func run(state overseer.State) {
 			Secret:        *s3ScanSecret,
 			SessionToken:  *s3ScanSessionToken,
 			Buckets:       *s3ScanBuckets,
-			Roles:	       *s3ScanRoleArns,
+			Roles:         *s3ScanRoleArns,
 			CloudCred:     *s3ScanCloudEnv,
 			MaxObjectSize: int64(*s3ScanMaxObjectSize),
 		}
@@ -525,10 +529,6 @@ func run(state overseer.State) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	if !*jsonLegacy && !*jsonOut {
-		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "🐷🔑🐷  TruffleHog. Unearth your secrets. 🐷🔑🐷\n\n")
-	}
-
 	// Wait for all workers to finish.
 	if err = e.Finish(ctx); err != nil {
 		logFatal(err, "engine failed to finish execution")

pkg/detectors/aws/aws.go

@@ -118,118 +118,21 @@ func (s scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			}
 
 			if verify {
-				// REQUEST VALUES.
-				method := "GET"
-				service := "sts"
-				host := "sts.amazonaws.com"
-				region := "us-east-1"
-				endpoint := "https://sts.amazonaws.com"
-				now := time.Now().UTC()
-				datestamp := now.Format("20060102")
-				amzDate := now.Format("20060102T150405Z0700")
-
-				req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, method, endpoint, nil)
-				if err != nil {
-					continue
-				}
-				req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json")
-
-				// TASK 1: CREATE A CANONICAL REQUEST.
-				// http://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/sigv4-create-canonical-request.html
-				canonicalURI := "/"
-				canonicalHeaders := "host:" + host + "\n"
-				signedHeaders := "host"
-				algorithm := "AWS4-HMAC-SHA256"
-				credentialScope := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/%s/aws4_request", datestamp, region, service)
-
-				params := req.URL.Query()
-				params.Add("Action", "GetCallerIdentity")
-				params.Add("Version", "2011-06-15")
-				params.Add("X-Amz-Algorithm", algorithm)
-				params.Add("X-Amz-Credential", resIDMatch+"/"+credentialScope)
-				params.Add("X-Amz-Date", amzDate)
-				params.Add("X-Amz-Expires", "30")
-				params.Add("X-Amz-SignedHeaders", signedHeaders)
-
-				canonicalQuerystring := params.Encode()
-				payloadHash := GetHash("") // empty payload
-				canonicalRequest := method + "\n" + canonicalURI + "\n" + canonicalQuerystring + "\n" + canonicalHeaders + "\n" + signedHeaders + "\n" + payloadHash
-
-				// TASK 2: CREATE THE STRING TO SIGN.
-				stringToSign := algorithm + "\n" + amzDate + "\n" + credentialScope + "\n" + GetHash(canonicalRequest)
-
-				// TASK 3: CALCULATE THE SIGNATURE.
-				// https://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/sigv4-calculate-signature.html
-				hash := GetHMAC([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("AWS4%s", resSecretMatch)), []byte(datestamp))
-				hash = GetHMAC(hash, []byte(region))
-				hash = GetHMAC(hash, []byte(service))
-				hash = GetHMAC(hash, []byte("aws4_request"))
-
-				signature2 := GetHMAC(hash, []byte(stringToSign)) // Get Signature HMAC SHA256
-				signature := hex.EncodeToString(signature2)
-
-				// TASK 4: ADD SIGNING INFORMATION TO THE REQUEST.
-				params.Add("X-Amz-Signature", signature)
-				req.Header.Add("Content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8")
-				req.URL.RawQuery = params.Encode()
-
-				client := s.verificationClient
-				if client == nil {
-					client = defaultVerificationClient
-				}
-				res, err := client.Do(req)
-				if err == nil {
-
-					if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
-						identityInfo := identityRes{}
-						err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(&identityInfo)
-						if err == nil {
-							s1.Verified = true
-							s1.ExtraData = map[string]string{
-								"account": identityInfo.GetCallerIdentityResponse.GetCallerIdentityResult.Account,
-								"user_id": identityInfo.GetCallerIdentityResponse.GetCallerIdentityResult.UserID,
-								"arn":     identityInfo.GetCallerIdentityResponse.GetCallerIdentityResult.Arn,
-							}
-						} else {
-							s1.VerificationError = err
-						}
-						res.Body.Close()
-					} else {
-						// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears "random" enough to be a real key.
-						if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resSecretMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
-							continue
-						}
-
-						if res.StatusCode == 403 {
-							var body awsErrorResponseBody
-							err = json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(&body)
-							res.Body.Close()
-							if err == nil {
-								// All instances of the code I've seen in the wild are PascalCased but this check is
-								// case-insensitive out of an abundance of caution
-								if strings.EqualFold(body.Error.Code, "InvalidClientTokenId") {
-									// determinate failure - nothing to do
-								} else {
-									// We see a surprising number of false-negative signature mismatch errors here
-									// (The official SDK somehow elicits even more than just making the request
-									// ourselves)
-									s1.VerificationError = fmt.Errorf("request to %v returned status %d with an unexpected reason (%s: %s)", res.Request.URL, res.StatusCode, body.Error.Code, body.Error.Message)
-								}
-							} else {
-								s1.VerificationError = fmt.Errorf("couldn't parse the sts response body (%v)", err)
-							}
-						} else {
-							s1.VerificationError = fmt.Errorf("request to %v returned unexpected status %d", res.Request.URL, res.StatusCode)
-						}
-					}
-				} else {
-					s1.VerificationError = err
-				}
+				verified, extraData, verificationErr := s.verifyMatch(ctx, resIDMatch, resSecretMatch, true)
+				s1.Verified = verified
+				s1.ExtraData = extraData
+				s1.VerificationError = verificationErr
 			}
 
-			// If the result is unverified and matches something like a git hash, don't include it in the results.
-			if !s1.Verified && falsePositiveSecretCheck.MatchString(resSecretMatch) {
-				continue
+			if !s1.Verified {
+				// Unverified results that contain common test words are probably not secrets
+				if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resSecretMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
+					continue
+				}
+				// Unverified results that look like hashes are probably not secrets
+				if falsePositiveSecretCheck.MatchString(resSecretMatch) {
+					continue
+				}
 			}
 
 			results = append(results, s1)
@@ -242,6 +145,123 @@ func (s scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 	return awsCustomCleanResults(results), nil
 }
 
+func (s scanner) verifyMatch(ctx context.Context, resIDMatch, resSecretMatch string, retryOn403 bool) (bool, map[string]string, error) {
+	// REQUEST VALUES.
+	method := "GET"
+	service := "sts"
+	host := "sts.amazonaws.com"
+	region := "us-east-1"
+	endpoint := "https://sts.amazonaws.com"
+	now := time.Now().UTC()
+	datestamp := now.Format("20060102")
+	amzDate := now.Format("20060102T150405Z0700")
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, method, endpoint, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, nil, err
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json")
+
+	// TASK 1: CREATE A CANONICAL REQUEST.
+	// http://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/sigv4-create-canonical-request.html
+	canonicalURI := "/"
+	canonicalHeaders := "host:" + host + "\n"
+	signedHeaders := "host"
+	algorithm := "AWS4-HMAC-SHA256"
+	credentialScope := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/%s/aws4_request", datestamp, region, service)
+
+	params := req.URL.Query()
+	params.Add("Action", "GetCallerIdentity")
+	params.Add("Version", "2011-06-15")
+	params.Add("X-Amz-Algorithm", algorithm)
+	params.Add("X-Amz-Credential", resIDMatch+"/"+credentialScope)
+	params.Add("X-Amz-Date", amzDate)
+	params.Add("X-Amz-Expires", "30")
+	params.Add("X-Amz-SignedHeaders", signedHeaders)
+
+	canonicalQuerystring := params.Encode()
+	payloadHash := GetHash("") // empty payload
+	canonicalRequest := method + "\n" + canonicalURI + "\n" + canonicalQuerystring + "\n" + canonicalHeaders + "\n" + signedHeaders + "\n" + payloadHash
+
+	// TASK 2: CREATE THE STRING TO SIGN.
+	stringToSign := algorithm + "\n" + amzDate + "\n" + credentialScope + "\n" + GetHash(canonicalRequest)
+
+	// TASK 3: CALCULATE THE SIGNATURE.
+	// https://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/sigv4-calculate-signature.html
+	hash := GetHMAC([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("AWS4%s", resSecretMatch)), []byte(datestamp))
+	hash = GetHMAC(hash, []byte(region))
+	hash = GetHMAC(hash, []byte(service))
+	hash = GetHMAC(hash, []byte("aws4_request"))
+
+	signature2 := GetHMAC(hash, []byte(stringToSign)) // Get Signature HMAC SHA256
+	signature := hex.EncodeToString(signature2)
+
+	// TASK 4: ADD SIGNING INFORMATION TO THE REQUEST.
+	params.Add("X-Amz-Signature", signature)
+	req.Header.Add("Content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8")
+	req.URL.RawQuery = params.Encode()
+
+	client := s.verificationClient
+	if client == nil {
+		client = defaultVerificationClient
+	}
+
+	res, err := client.Do(req)
+	if err == nil {
+		defer res.Body.Close()
+		if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
+			identityInfo := identityRes{}
+			err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(&identityInfo)
+			if err == nil {
+				extraData := map[string]string{
+					"account": identityInfo.GetCallerIdentityResponse.GetCallerIdentityResult.Account,
+					"user_id": identityInfo.GetCallerIdentityResponse.GetCallerIdentityResult.UserID,
+					"arn":     identityInfo.GetCallerIdentityResponse.GetCallerIdentityResult.Arn,
+				}
+				return true, extraData, nil
+			} else {
+				return false, nil, err
+			}
+		} else if res.StatusCode == 403 {
+			// Experimentation has indicated that if you make two GetCallerIdentity requests within five seconds that
+			// share a key ID but are signed with different secrets the second one will be rejected with a 403 that
+			// carries a SignatureDoesNotMatch code in its body. This happens even if the second ID-secret pair is
+			// valid. Since this is exactly our access pattern, we need to work around it.
+			//
+			// Fortunately, experimentation has also revealed a workaround: simply resubmit the second request. The
+			// response to the resubmission will be as expected. But there's a caveat: You can't have closed the body of
+			// the response to the original second request, or read to its end, or the resubmission will also yield a
+			// SignatureDoesNotMatch. For this reason, we have to re-request all 403s. We can't re-request only
+			// SignatureDoesNotMatch responses, because we can only tell whether a given 403 is a SignatureDoesNotMatch
+			// after decoding its response body, which requires reading the entire response body, which disables the
+			// workaround.
+			//
+			// We are clearly deep in the guts of AWS implementation details here, so this all might change with no
+			// notice. If you're here because something in this detector broke, you have my condolences.
+			if retryOn403 {
+				return s.verifyMatch(ctx, resIDMatch, resSecretMatch, false)
+			}
+			var body awsErrorResponseBody
+			err = json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(&body)
+			if err == nil {
+				// All instances of the code I've seen in the wild are PascalCased but this check is
+				// case-insensitive out of an abundance of caution
+				if strings.EqualFold(body.Error.Code, "InvalidClientTokenId") {
+					return false, nil, nil
+				} else {
+					return false, nil, fmt.Errorf("request to %v returned status %d with an unexpected reason (%s: %s)", res.Request.URL, res.StatusCode, body.Error.Code, body.Error.Message)
+				}
+			} else {
+				return false, nil, fmt.Errorf("couldn't parse the sts response body (%v)", err)
+			}
+		} else {
+			return false, nil, fmt.Errorf("request to %v returned unexpected status %d", res.Request.URL, res.StatusCode)
+		}
+	} else {
+		return false, nil, err
+	}
+}
+
 func awsCustomCleanResults(results []detectors.Result) []detectors.Result {
 	if len(results) == 0 {
 		return results

pkg/detectors/aws/aws_test.go

@@ -248,6 +248,28 @@ func TestAWS_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 			wantErr:               false,
 			wantVerificationError: true,
 		},
+		{
+			name: "verified secret checked directly after unverified secret with same key id",
+			s:    scanner{},
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%s\n%s\n%s", inactiveSecret, id, secret)),
+				verify: true,
+			},
+			want: []detectors.Result{
+				{
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_AWS,
+					Verified:     true,
+					Redacted:     "AKIASP2TPHJSQH3FJRUX",
+					ExtraData: map[string]string{
+						"account": "171436882533",
+						"arn":     "arn:aws:iam::171436882533:user/canarytokens.com@@4dxkh0pdeop3bzu9zx5wob793",
+						"user_id": "AIDASP2TPHJSUFRSTTZX4",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {

pkg/detectors/gitlab/gitlab.go

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			resMatch = keyString[len(keyString)-1]
 		}
 
-		secret := detectors.Result{
+		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Gitlab,
 			Raw:          []byte(match[1]),
 		}
@@ -84,26 +84,26 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 					// 401 is bad key
 					switch res.StatusCode {
 					case http.StatusOK:
-						secret.Verified = true
+						s1.Verified = true
 					case http.StatusForbidden:
 						// Good key but not the right scope
-						secret.Verified = true
+						s1.Verified = true
 					case http.StatusUnauthorized:
 						// Nothing to do; zero values are the ones we want
 					default:
-						secret.VerificationError = fmt.Errorf("unexpected HTTP response status %d", res.StatusCode)
+						s1.VerificationError = fmt.Errorf("unexpected HTTP response status %d", res.StatusCode)
 					}
 				} else {
-					secret.VerificationError = err
+					s1.VerificationError = err
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
-		if !secret.Verified && detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(string(secret.Raw), detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
+		if !s1.Verified && detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(string(s1.Raw), detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		results = append(results, secret)
+		results = append(results, s1)
 	}
 
 	return results, nil

pkg/detectors/gitlab/gitlab_test.go

@@ -6,11 +6,12 @@ package gitlab
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
-	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
+
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/pb/detectorspb"

pkg/detectors/gitlabv2/gitlab.go

@@ -11,7 +11,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/pb/detectorspb"
 )
 
-type Scanner struct{ detectors.EndpointSetter }
+type Scanner struct {
+	client *http.Client
+	detectors.EndpointSetter
+}
 
 // Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interfaces at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
@@ -22,7 +25,8 @@ func (Scanner) Version() int            { return 2 }
 func (Scanner) DefaultEndpoint() string { return "https://gitlab.com" }
 
 var (
-	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(`\b(glpat-[a-zA-Z0-9\-=_]{20,22})\b`)
+	defaultClient = common.SaneHttpClient()
+	keyPat        = regexp.MustCompile(`\b(glpat-[a-zA-Z0-9\-=_]{20,22})\b`)
 )
 
 // Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
@@ -42,7 +46,7 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			continue
 		}
 
-		secret := detectors.Result{
+		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Gitlab,
 			Raw:          []byte(match[1]),
 		}
@@ -52,7 +56,10 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			// they all grant access to different parts of the API. I couldn't find an endpoint that every
 			// one of these scopes has access to, so we just check an example endpoint for each scope. If any
 			// of them contain data, we know we have a valid key, but if they all fail, we don't
-			client := common.SaneHttpClient()
+			client := s.client
+			if client == nil {
+				client = defaultClient
+			}
 			for _, baseURL := range s.Endpoints(s.DefaultEndpoint()) {
 				// test `read_user` scope
 				req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", baseURL+"/api/v4/user", nil)
@@ -67,19 +74,29 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 					// 200 means good key and has `read_user` scope
 					// 403 means good key but not the right scope
 					// 401 is bad key
-					if res.StatusCode == http.StatusOK || res.StatusCode == http.StatusForbidden {
-						secret.Verified = true
+					switch res.StatusCode {
+					case http.StatusOK:
+						s1.Verified = true
+					case http.StatusForbidden:
+						// Good key but not the right scope
+						s1.Verified = true
+					case http.StatusUnauthorized:
+						// Nothing to do; zero values are the ones we want
+					default:
+						s1.VerificationError = fmt.Errorf("unexpected HTTP response status %d", res.StatusCode)
 					}
+				} else {
+					s1.VerificationError = err
 				}
 			}
 
 		}
 
-		if !secret.Verified && detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(string(secret.Raw), detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
+		if !s1.Verified && detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(string(s1.Raw), detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		results = append(results, secret)
+		results = append(results, s1)
 	}
 
 	return

pkg/detectors/gitlabv2/gitlab_test.go

@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/kylelemons/godebug/pretty"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/pb/detectorspb"
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ import (
 func TestGitlab_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*5)
 	defer cancel()
-	testSecrets, err := common.GetSecret(ctx, "trufflehog-testing", "detectors2")
+	testSecrets, err := common.GetSecret(ctx, "trufflehog-testing", "detectors4")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("could not get test secrets from GCP: %s", err)
 	}
@@ -31,18 +32,19 @@ func TestGitlab_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 		verify bool
 	}
 	tests := []struct {
-		name    string
-		s       Scanner
-		args    args
-		want    []detectors.Result
-		wantErr bool
+		name                string
+		s                   Scanner
+		args                args
+		want                []detectors.Result
+		wantErr             bool
+		wantVerificationErr bool
 	}{
 		{
 			name: "found, verified",
 			s:    Scanner{},
 			args: args{
 				ctx:    context.Background(),
-				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a aws secret %s within", secret)),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a gitlab secret %s within", secret)),
 				verify: true,
 			},
 			want: []detectors.Result{
@@ -58,10 +60,65 @@ func TestGitlab_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 			s:    Scanner{},
 			args: args{
 				ctx:    context.Background(),
-				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a aws secret %s within", secretInactive)),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a gitlab secret %s within", secretInactive)),
 				verify: true,
 			},
-			want:    nil,
+			want: []detectors.Result{
+				{
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Gitlab,
+					Verified:     false,
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "found, would be verified but for timeout",
+			s:    Scanner{client: common.SaneHttpClientTimeOut(1 * time.Microsecond)},
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a gitlab super secret %s within", secret)),
+				verify: true,
+			},
+			want: []detectors.Result{
+				{
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Gitlab,
+					Verified:     false,
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "found and valid but unexpected api response",
+			s:    Scanner{client: common.ConstantResponseHttpClient(500, "")},
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a gitlab super secret %s within", secret)),
+				verify: true,
+			},
+			want: []detectors.Result{
+				{
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Gitlab,
+					Verified:     false,
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "found, good key but wrong scope",
+			s:    Scanner{client: common.ConstantResponseHttpClient(403, "")},
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a gitlab super secret %s within", secret)),
+				verify: true,
+			},
+			want: []detectors.Result{
+				{
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Gitlab,
+					Verified:     true,
+				},
+			},
 			wantErr: false,
 		},
 		{
@@ -78,8 +135,7 @@ func TestGitlab_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			s := Scanner{}
-			got, err := s.FromData(tt.args.ctx, tt.args.verify, tt.args.data)
+			got, err := tt.s.FromData(tt.args.ctx, tt.args.verify, tt.args.data)
 			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
 				t.Errorf("Gitlab.FromData() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
 				return
@@ -88,9 +144,12 @@ func TestGitlab_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 				if len(got[i].Raw) == 0 {
 					t.Fatal("no raw secret present")
 				}
-				got[i].Raw = nil
+				if (got[i].VerificationError != nil) != tt.wantVerificationErr {
+					t.Fatalf(" wantVerificationError = %v, verification error = %v,", tt.wantVerificationErr, got[i].VerificationError)
+				}
 			}
-			if diff := pretty.Compare(got, tt.want); diff != "" {
+			opts := cmpopts.IgnoreFields(detectors.Result{}, "Raw", "VerificationError")
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(got, tt.want, opts); diff != "" {
 				t.Errorf("Gitlab.FromData() %s diff: (-got +want)\n%s", tt.name, diff)
 			}
 		})

pkg/detectors/jiratoken/jiratoken.go

@@ -13,16 +13,18 @@ import (
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/pb/detectorspb"
 )
 
-type Scanner struct{}
+type Scanner struct {
+	client *http.Client
+}
 
 // Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 var _ detectors.Versioner = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
-func (Scanner) Version() int            { return 1 }
+func (Scanner) Version() int { return 1 }
 
 var (
-	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
+	defaultClient = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
 	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	tokenPat  = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"jira"}) + `\b([a-zA-Z-0-9]{24})\b`)
@@ -73,6 +75,11 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				}
 
 				if verify {
+					client := s.client
+					if client == nil {
+						client = defaultClient
+					}
+
 					data := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", resEmail, resToken)
 					sEnc := b64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(data))
 					req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://"+resDomain+"/rest/api/3/dashboard", nil)
@@ -88,9 +95,15 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 						// If the request is successful and the login reason is not failed authentication, then the token is valid.
 						// This is because Jira returns a 200 status code even if the token is invalid.
 						// Jira returns a default dashboard page.
-						if (res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300) && res.Header.Get(loginReasonHeaderKey) != failedAuth {
-							s1.Verified = true
+						if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
+							if res.Header.Get(loginReasonHeaderKey) != failedAuth {
+								s1.Verified = true
+							}
+						} else {
+							s1.VerificationError = fmt.Errorf("unexpected HTTP response status %d", res.StatusCode)
 						}
+					} else {
+						s1.VerificationError = err
 					}
 				}
 

pkg/detectors/jiratoken/jiratoken_test.go

@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/kylelemons/godebug/pretty"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
@@ -23,8 +24,8 @@ func TestJiraToken_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("could not get test secrets from GCP: %s", err)
 	}
-	token := testSecrets.MustGetField("JIRA_TOKEN")
-	inactiveToken := testSecrets.MustGetField("JIRA_INACTIVE")
+	secret := testSecrets.MustGetField("JIRA_TOKEN")
+	inactiveSecret := testSecrets.MustGetField("JIRA_INACTIVE")
 	email := testSecrets.MustGetField("JIRA_EMAIL")
 	domain := testSecrets.MustGetField("JIRA_DOMAIN")
 
@@ -34,18 +35,19 @@ func TestJiraToken_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 		verify bool
 	}
 	tests := []struct {
-		name    string
-		s       Scanner
-		args    args
-		want    []detectors.Result
-		wantErr bool
+		name                string
+		s                   Scanner
+		args                args
+		want                []detectors.Result
+		wantErr             bool
+		wantVerificationErr bool
 	}{
 		{
 			name: "found, verified",
 			s:    Scanner{},
 			args: args{
 				ctx:    context.Background(),
-				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a jira secret %s within jira %s with jira %s", token, email, domain)),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a jira secret %s within jira %s with jira %s", secret, email, domain)),
 				verify: true,
 			},
 			want: []detectors.Result{
@@ -54,14 +56,15 @@ func TestJiraToken_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 					Verified:     true,
 				},
 			},
-			wantErr: false,
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: false,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "found, unverified",
 			s:    Scanner{},
 			args: args{
 				ctx:    context.Background(),
-				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a jira secret %s within jira %s but not jira %s valid", inactiveToken, email, domain)), // the secret would satisfy the regex but not pass validation
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a jira secret %s within jira %s but not jira %s valid", inactiveSecret, email, domain)), // the secret would satisfy the regex but not pass validation
 				verify: true,
 			},
 			want: []detectors.Result{
@@ -70,7 +73,8 @@ func TestJiraToken_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 					Verified:     false,
 				},
 			},
-			wantErr: false,
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: false,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "not found",
@@ -80,14 +84,48 @@ func TestJiraToken_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 				data:   []byte("You cannot find the secret within"),
 				verify: true,
 			},
-			want:    nil,
-			wantErr: false,
+			want:                nil,
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "found, would be verified if not for timeout",
+			s:    Scanner{client: common.SaneHttpClientTimeOut(1 * time.Microsecond)},
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a jira secret %s within jira %s with jira %s", secret, email, domain)),
+				verify: true,
+			},
+			want: []detectors.Result{
+				{
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_JiraToken,
+					Verified:     false,
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "found, verified but unexpected api surface",
+			s:    Scanner{client: common.ConstantResponseHttpClient(404, "")},
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a jira secret %s within jira %s with jira %s", secret, email, domain)),
+				verify: true,
+			},
+			want: []detectors.Result{
+				{
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_JiraToken,
+					Verified:     false,
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: true,
 		},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			s := Scanner{}
-			got, err := s.FromData(tt.args.ctx, tt.args.verify, tt.args.data)
+			got, err := tt.s.FromData(tt.args.ctx, tt.args.verify, tt.args.data)
 			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
 				t.Errorf("JiraToken.FromData() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
 				return
@@ -96,10 +134,12 @@ func TestJiraToken_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 				if len(got[i].Raw) == 0 {
 					t.Fatalf("no raw secret present: \n %+v", got[i])
 				}
-				got[i].Raw = nil
-				got[i].RawV2 = nil
+				if (got[i].VerificationError != nil) != tt.wantVerificationErr {
+					t.Fatalf("wantVerificationError = %v, verification error = %v", tt.wantVerificationErr, got[i].VerificationError)
+				}
 			}
-			if diff := pretty.Compare(got, tt.want); diff != "" {
+			ignoreOpts := cmpopts.IgnoreFields(detectors.Result{}, "Raw", "RawV2", "VerificationError")
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(got, tt.want, ignoreOpts); diff != "" {
 				t.Errorf("JiraToken.FromData() %s diff: (-got +want)\n%s", tt.name, diff)
 			}
 		})

pkg/detectors/jiratoken_v2/jiratoken_v2.go

@@ -13,16 +13,18 @@ import (
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/pb/detectorspb"
 )
 
-type Scanner struct{}
+type Scanner struct {
+	client *http.Client
+}
 
 // Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 var _ detectors.Versioner = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
-func (Scanner) Version() int            { return 2 }
+func (Scanner) Version() int { return 2 }
 
 var (
-	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
+	defaultClient = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
 	// https://support.atlassian.com/atlassian-account/docs/manage-api-tokens-for-your-atlassian-account/
 	// Tokens created after Jan 18 2023 use a variable length
@@ -74,6 +76,11 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				}
 
 				if verify {
+					client := s.client
+					if client == nil {
+						client = defaultClient
+					}
+
 					data := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", resEmail, resToken)
 					sEnc := b64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(data))
 					req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://"+resDomain+"/rest/api/3/dashboard", nil)
@@ -89,11 +96,15 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 						// If the request is successful and the login reason is not failed authentication, then the token is valid.
 						// This is because Jira returns a 200 status code even if the token is invalid.
 						// Jira returns a default dashboard page.
-						if (res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300) && res.Header.Get(loginReasonHeaderKey) != failedAuth {
-							s1.Verified = true
+						if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
+							if res.Header.Get(loginReasonHeaderKey) != failedAuth {
+								s1.Verified = true
+							}
 						} else {
-							s1.VerificationError = err
+							s1.VerificationError = fmt.Errorf("unexpected HTTP response status %d", res.StatusCode)
 						}
+					} else {
+						s1.VerificationError = err
 					}
 				}
 

pkg/detectors/jiratoken_v2/jiratoken_v2_test.go

@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/kylelemons/godebug/pretty"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
@@ -23,8 +24,8 @@ func TestJiraToken_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("could not get test secrets from GCP: %s", err)
 	}
-	token := testSecrets.MustGetField("JIRA_V2_TOKEN")
-	inactiveToken := testSecrets.MustGetField("JIRA_V2_INACTIVE")
+	secret := testSecrets.MustGetField("JIRA_V2_TOKEN")
+	inactiveSecret := testSecrets.MustGetField("JIRA_V2_INACTIVE")
 	email := testSecrets.MustGetField("JIRA_V2_EMAIL")
 	domain := testSecrets.MustGetField("JIRA_V2_DOMAIN")
 
@@ -34,18 +35,19 @@ func TestJiraToken_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 		verify bool
 	}
 	tests := []struct {
-		name    string
-		s       Scanner
-		args    args
-		want    []detectors.Result
-		wantErr bool
+		name                string
+		s                   Scanner
+		args                args
+		want                []detectors.Result
+		wantErr             bool
+		wantVerificationErr bool
 	}{
 		{
 			name: "found, verified",
 			s:    Scanner{},
 			args: args{
 				ctx:    context.Background(),
-				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a jira secret %s within jira %s with jira %s", token, email, domain)),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a jira secret %s within jira %s with jira %s", secret, email, domain)),
 				verify: true,
 			},
 			want: []detectors.Result{
@@ -54,14 +56,15 @@ func TestJiraToken_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 					Verified:     true,
 				},
 			},
-			wantErr: false,
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: false,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "found, unverified",
 			s:    Scanner{},
 			args: args{
 				ctx:    context.Background(),
-				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a jira secret %s within jira %s but not jira %s valid", inactiveToken, email, domain)), // the secret would satisfy the regex but not pass validation
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a jira secret %s within jira %s but not jira %s valid", inactiveSecret, email, domain)), // the secret would satisfy the regex but not pass validation
 				verify: true,
 			},
 			want: []detectors.Result{
@@ -70,7 +73,8 @@ func TestJiraToken_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 					Verified:     false,
 				},
 			},
-			wantErr: false,
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: false,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "not found",
@@ -80,14 +84,48 @@ func TestJiraToken_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 				data:   []byte("You cannot find the secret within"),
 				verify: true,
 			},
-			want:    nil,
-			wantErr: false,
+			want:                nil,
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "found, would be verified if not for timeout",
+			s:    Scanner{client: common.SaneHttpClientTimeOut(1 * time.Microsecond)},
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a jira secret %s within jira %s with jira %s", secret, email, domain)),
+				verify: true,
+			},
+			want: []detectors.Result{
+				{
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_JiraToken,
+					Verified:     false,
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "found, verified but unexpected api surface",
+			s:    Scanner{client: common.ConstantResponseHttpClient(404, "")},
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a jira secret %s within jira %s with jira %s", secret, email, domain)),
+				verify: true,
+			},
+			want: []detectors.Result{
+				{
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_JiraToken,
+					Verified:     false,
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: true,
 		},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			s := Scanner{}
-			got, err := s.FromData(tt.args.ctx, tt.args.verify, tt.args.data)
+			got, err := tt.s.FromData(tt.args.ctx, tt.args.verify, tt.args.data)
 			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
 				t.Errorf("JiraToken.FromData() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
 				return
@@ -96,10 +134,12 @@ func TestJiraToken_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 				if len(got[i].Raw) == 0 {
 					t.Fatalf("no raw secret present: \n %+v", got[i])
 				}
-				got[i].Raw = nil
-				got[i].RawV2 = nil
+				if (got[i].VerificationError != nil) != tt.wantVerificationErr {
+					t.Fatalf("wantVerificationError = %v, verification error = %v", tt.wantVerificationErr, got[i].VerificationError)
+				}
 			}
-			if diff := pretty.Compare(got, tt.want); diff != "" {
+			ignoreOpts := cmpopts.IgnoreFields(detectors.Result{}, "Raw", "RawV2", "VerificationError")
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(got, tt.want, ignoreOpts); diff != "" {
 				t.Errorf("JiraToken.FromData() %s diff: (-got +want)\n%s", tt.name, diff)
 			}
 		})

pkg/detectors/pagerdutyapikey/pagerdutyapikey.go

@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
 	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
-	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"pagerduty"}) + `\b([a-z]{1}\+[a-zA-Z]{9}\-[a-z]{2}\-[a-z0-9]{5})\b`)
+	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"pagerduty", "pd"}) + `\b([a-zA-Z0-9_+-]{20})\b`)
 )
 
 // Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
 // Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
 func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
-	return []string{"pagerduty"}
+	return []string{"pagerduty", "pd"}
 }
 
 // FromData will find and optionally verify PagerDutyApiKey secrets in a given set of bytes.

pkg/detectors/sendbird/sendbird.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package sendbird
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
@@ -12,19 +13,25 @@ import (
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/pb/detectorspb"
 )
 
-type Scanner struct{}
+type Scanner struct {
+	client *http.Client
+}
 
 // Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
-	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
+	defaultClient = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
 	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat   = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"sendbird"}) + `\b([0-9a-f]{40})\b`)
 	appIdPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"sendbird"}) + `\b([0-9A-F]{8}-[0-9A-F]{4}-[0-9A-F]{4}-[0-9A-F]{4}-[0-9A-F]{12})\b`)
 )
 
+type userResp struct {
+	Code int `json:"code"`
+}
+
 // Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
 // Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
 func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
@@ -61,20 +68,40 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 					continue
 				}
 				req.Header.Add("Api-Token", resMatch)
+
+				client := s.client
+				if client == nil {
+					client = defaultClient
+				}
+
 				res, err := client.Do(req)
 				if err == nil {
 					defer res.Body.Close()
 					if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 						s1.Verified = true
-					} else {
-						// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
-						if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
-							continue
+					} else if res.StatusCode == 400 { // Sendbird returns 400 for all errors
+						var userResp userResp
+						err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(&userResp)
+						if err != nil {
+							s1.VerificationError = fmt.Errorf("error decoding json response body: %w", err)
+						} else if userResp.Code != 400401 {
+							// https://sendbird.com/docs/chat/platform-api/v3/error-codes
+							// Sendbird always includes its own error codes with 400 responses
+							// 400401 (InvalidApiToken) is the only one that indicates a bad token
+							s1.VerificationError = fmt.Errorf("unexpected response code: %d", userResp.Code)
 						}
+					} else {
+						s1.VerificationError = fmt.Errorf("unexpected HTTP response status %d", res.StatusCode)
 					}
+				} else {
+					s1.VerificationError = err
 				}
 			}
 
+			// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
+			if !s1.Verified && detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
+				continue
+			}
 			results = append(results, s1)
 		}
 	}

pkg/detectors/sendbird/sendbird_test.go

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/kylelemons/godebug/pretty"
-
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/pb/detectorspb"
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import (
 func TestSendbird_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*5)
 	defer cancel()
-	testSecrets, err := common.GetSecret(ctx, "trufflehog-testing", "detectors3")
+	testSecrets, err := common.GetSecret(ctx, "trufflehog-testing", "detectors5")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("could not get test secrets from GCP: %s", err)
 	}
@@ -33,11 +33,12 @@ func TestSendbird_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 		verify bool
 	}
 	tests := []struct {
-		name    string
-		s       Scanner
-		args    args
-		want    []detectors.Result
-		wantErr bool
+		name                string
+		s                   Scanner
+		args                args
+		want                []detectors.Result
+		wantErr             bool
+		wantVerificationErr bool
 	}{
 		{
 			name: "found, verified",
@@ -53,7 +54,8 @@ func TestSendbird_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 					Verified:     true,
 				},
 			},
-			wantErr: false,
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: false,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "found, unverified",
@@ -69,7 +71,8 @@ func TestSendbird_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 					Verified:     false,
 				},
 			},
-			wantErr: false,
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: false,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "not found",
@@ -79,14 +82,82 @@ func TestSendbird_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 				data:   []byte("You cannot find the secret within"),
 				verify: true,
 			},
-			want:    nil,
-			wantErr: false,
+			want:                nil,
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "found, would be verified if not for timeout",
+			s:    Scanner{client: common.SaneHttpClientTimeOut(1 * time.Microsecond)},
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a sendbird application ID %s with sendbird secret %s within", appId, secret)),
+				verify: true,
+			},
+			want: []detectors.Result{
+				{
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Sendbird,
+					Verified:     false,
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "found, verified but unexpected api surface",
+			s:    Scanner{client: common.ConstantResponseHttpClient(404, "")},
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a sendbird application ID %s with sendbird secret %s within", appId, secret)),
+				verify: true,
+			},
+			want: []detectors.Result{
+				{
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Sendbird,
+					Verified:     false,
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "found, verified but unexpected error code",
+			s:    Scanner{client: common.ConstantResponseHttpClient(400, `{"code":400402}`)},
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a sendbird application ID %s with sendbird secret %s within", appId, secret)),
+				verify: true,
+			},
+			want: []detectors.Result{
+				{
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Sendbird,
+					Verified:     false,
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "found, verified but failed to decode json",
+			s:    Scanner{client: common.ConstantResponseHttpClient(400, `{`)},
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a sendbird application ID %s with sendbird secret %s within", appId, secret)),
+				verify: true,
+			},
+			want: []detectors.Result{
+				{
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Sendbird,
+					Verified:     false,
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: true,
 		},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			s := Scanner{}
-			got, err := s.FromData(tt.args.ctx, tt.args.verify, tt.args.data)
+			got, err := tt.s.FromData(tt.args.ctx, tt.args.verify, tt.args.data)
 			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
 				t.Errorf("Sendbird.FromData() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
 				return
@@ -95,9 +166,12 @@ func TestSendbird_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 				if len(got[i].Raw) == 0 {
 					t.Fatalf("no raw secret present: \n %+v", got[i])
 				}
-				got[i].Raw = nil
+				if (got[i].VerificationError != nil) != tt.wantVerificationErr {
+					t.Fatalf("wantVerificationError = %v, verification error = %v", tt.wantVerificationErr, got[i].VerificationError)
+				}
 			}
-			if diff := pretty.Compare(got, tt.want); diff != "" {
+			ignoreOpts := cmpopts.IgnoreFields(detectors.Result{}, "Raw", "VerificationError")
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(got, tt.want, ignoreOpts); diff != "" {
 				t.Errorf("Sendbird.FromData() %s diff: (-got +want)\n%s", tt.name, diff)
 			}
 		})

pkg/detectors/sendgrid/sendgrid.go

@@ -13,13 +13,15 @@ import (
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 )
 
-type Scanner struct{}
+type Scanner struct {
+	client *http.Client
+}
 
 // Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
-	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
+	defaultClient = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"sendgrid"}) + `(SG\.[\w\-_]{20,24}\.[\w\-_]{39,50})\b`)
 )
@@ -42,7 +44,7 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 		}
 		res := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
-		s := detectors.Result{
+		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_SendGrid,
 			Raw:          []byte(res),
 		}
@@ -52,6 +54,11 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			// 403 will be issued if the scope is wrong but the key is correct
 			baseURL := "https://api.sendgrid.com/v3/templates"
 
+			client := s.client
+			if client == nil {
+				client = defaultClient
+			}
+
 			// test `read_user` scope
 			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", baseURL, nil)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -67,16 +74,18 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				// 403 means good key but not the right scope
 				// 401 is bad key
 				if res.StatusCode == http.StatusOK || res.StatusCode == http.StatusForbidden {
-					s.Verified = true
+					s1.Verified = true
+				} else if res.StatusCode != http.StatusUnauthorized {
+					s1.VerificationError = fmt.Errorf("unexpected HTTP response status %d", res.StatusCode)
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
-		if !s.Verified && detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(string(s.Raw), detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
+		if !s1.Verified && detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(string(s1.Raw), detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		results = append(results, s)
+		results = append(results, s1)
 	}
 
 	return

pkg/detectors/sendgrid/sendgrid_test.go

@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/kylelemons/godebug/pretty"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/pb/detectorspb"
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ import (
 func TestSendgrid_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*5)
 	defer cancel()
-	testSecrets, err := common.GetSecret(ctx, "trufflehog-testing", "detectors2")
+	testSecrets, err := common.GetSecret(ctx, "trufflehog-testing", "detectors5")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("could not get test secrets from GCP: %s", err)
 	}
@@ -30,11 +31,12 @@ func TestSendgrid_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 		verify bool
 	}
 	tests := []struct {
-		name    string
-		s       Scanner
-		args    args
-		want    []detectors.Result
-		wantErr bool
+		name                string
+		s                   Scanner
+		args                args
+		want                []detectors.Result
+		wantErr             bool
+		wantVerificationErr bool
 	}{
 		{
 			name: "found, verified",
@@ -50,7 +52,8 @@ func TestSendgrid_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 					Verified:     true,
 				},
 			},
-			wantErr: false,
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: false,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "found, unverified",
@@ -66,7 +69,8 @@ func TestSendgrid_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 					Verified:     false,
 				},
 			},
-			wantErr: false,
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: false,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "not found",
@@ -76,22 +80,54 @@ func TestSendgrid_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 				data:   []byte("You cannot find the secret within"),
 				verify: true,
 			},
-			want:    nil,
-			wantErr: false,
+			want:                nil,
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "found, would be verified if not for timeout",
+			s:    Scanner{client: common.SaneHttpClientTimeOut(1 * time.Microsecond)},
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a sendgrid secret %s within", secret)),
+				verify: true,
+			},
+			want: []detectors.Result{
+				{
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_SendGrid,
+					Verified:     false,
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "found, verified but unexpected api surface",
+			s:    Scanner{client: common.ConstantResponseHttpClient(404, "")},
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a sendgrid secret %s within", secret)),
+				verify: true,
+			},
+			want: []detectors.Result{
+				{
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_SendGrid,
+					Verified:     false,
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: true,
 		},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			s := Scanner{}
-			got, err := s.FromData(tt.args.ctx, tt.args.verify, tt.args.data)
+			got, err := tt.s.FromData(tt.args.ctx, tt.args.verify, tt.args.data)
 			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
 				t.Errorf("Sendgrid.FromData() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
 				return
 			}
-			for i := range got {
-				got[i].Raw = nil
-			}
-			if diff := pretty.Compare(got, tt.want); diff != "" {
+			ignoreOpts := cmpopts.IgnoreFields(detectors.Result{}, "Raw", "VerificationError")
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(got, tt.want, ignoreOpts); diff != "" {
 				t.Errorf("Sendgrid.FromData() %s diff: (-got +want)\n%s", tt.name, diff)
 			}
 		})

pkg/detectors/sentrytoken/sentrytoken.go

@@ -122,6 +122,9 @@ func verifyToken(ctx context.Context, client *http.Client, token string) (bool,
 	if err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &resp); err != nil {
 		return false, err
 	}
+	if len(resp) == 0 {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("unexpected response body: %s", string(bytes))
+	}
 
 	return isVerified, err
 }

pkg/detectors/sentrytoken/sentrytoken_test.go

@@ -123,6 +123,40 @@ func TestSentryToken_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			wantErr: false,
 		},
+		{
+			name: "found, account deactivated",
+			s:    Scanner{client: common.ConstantResponseHttpClient(200, reponseAccountDeactivated)},
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a sentry super secret %s within", secret)),
+				verify: true,
+			},
+			want: []detectors.Result{
+				{
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_SentryToken,
+					Verified:     false,
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "found, account deactivated",
+			s:    Scanner{client: common.ConstantResponseHttpClient(200, responseEnmpty)},
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a sentry super secret %s within", secret)),
+				verify: true,
+			},
+			want: []detectors.Result{
+				{
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_SentryToken,
+					Verified:     false,
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: true,
+		},
 		{
 			name: "not found",
 			s:    Scanner{},
@@ -159,7 +193,8 @@ func TestSentryToken_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-const responseBody403 = `
+const (
+	responseBody403 = `
 [
   {
     "organization": {
@@ -174,6 +209,9 @@ const responseBody403 = `
   }
 ]
 `
+	reponseAccountDeactivated = `{"detail": "Authentication credentials were not provided"}`
+	responseEnmpty            = `[]`
+)
 
 func BenchmarkFromData(benchmark *testing.B) {
 	ctx := context.Background()

pkg/detectors/slack/slack.go

@@ -13,13 +13,16 @@ import (
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 )
 
-type Scanner struct{}
+type Scanner struct {
+	client *http.Client
+}
 
 // Check that the Slack scanner implements the SecretScanner interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = Scanner{}
 
 var (
-	tokenPats = map[string]*regexp.Regexp{
+	defaultClient = common.SaneHttpClient()
+	tokenPats     = map[string]*regexp.Regexp{
 		"Slack Bot Token":               regexp.MustCompile(`xoxb\-[0-9]{10,13}\-[0-9]{10,13}[a-zA-Z0-9\-]*`),
 		"Slack User Token":              regexp.MustCompile(`xoxp\-[0-9]{10,13}\-[0-9]{10,13}[a-zA-Z0-9\-]*`),
 		"Slack Workspace Access Token":  regexp.MustCompile(`xoxa\-[0-9]{10,13}\-[0-9]{10,13}[a-zA-Z0-9\-]*`),
@@ -53,34 +56,54 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 		tokens := tokenPat.FindAllString(dataStr, -1)
 
 		for _, token := range tokens {
-			s := detectors.Result{
+			s1 := detectors.Result{
 				DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Slack,
 				Raw:          []byte(token),
 			}
 			if verify {
-				client := common.SaneHttpClient()
+				client := s.client
+				if s.client == nil {
+					client = defaultClient
+				}
+
 				req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", verifyURL, nil)
 				if err != nil {
 					continue
 				}
+
 				req.Header.Add("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
 				req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", token))
+
 				res, err := client.Do(req)
 				if err == nil {
 					defer res.Body.Close()
 					var authResponse authRes
 					if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(&authResponse); err != nil {
-						continue
+						s1.VerificationError = fmt.Errorf("failed to decode auth response: %w", err)
 					}
-					s.Verified = authResponse.Ok
+
+					if authResponse.Ok {
+						s1.Verified = true
+						// Slack API returns 200 even if the token is invalid. We need to check the error field.
+					} else if authResponse.Error == "invalid_auth" {
+						// The secret is determinately not verified (nothing to do)
+					} else {
+						s1.VerificationError = fmt.Errorf("unexpected error auth response %+v", authResponse.Error)
+					}
+				} else {
+					s1.VerificationError = err
 				}
 			}
 
-			results = append(results, s)
+			if !s1.Verified && detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(string(s1.Raw), detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			results = append(results, s1)
 		}
 	}
 
-	return
+	return results, nil
 }
 
 func (s Scanner) Type() detectorspb.DetectorType {

pkg/detectors/slack/slack_test.go

@@ -9,13 +9,15 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/kylelemons/godebug/pretty"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
+
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/pb/detectorspb"
 )
 
-func TestScanner_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
+func TestSlack_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*5)
 	defer cancel()
 	testSecrets, err := common.GetSecret(ctx, "trufflehog-testing", "detectors2")
@@ -24,17 +26,28 @@ func TestScanner_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	secret := testSecrets.MustGetField("SLACK")
 	secretInactive := testSecrets.MustGetField("SLACK_INACTIVE")
+
+	type args struct {
+		ctx    context.Context
+		data   []byte
+		verify bool
+	}
+
 	tests := []struct {
-		name        string
-		data        []byte
-		verify      bool
-		wantResults []detectors.Result
-		wantErr     bool
+		name                string
+		s                   Scanner
+		args                args
+		wantResults         []detectors.Result
+		wantErr             bool
+		wantVerificationErr bool
 	}{
 		{
-			name:   "found, verified",
-			data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a slack secret %s within", secret)),
-			verify: true,
+			name: "found, verified",
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a slack secret %s within", secret)),
+				verify: true,
+			},
 			wantResults: []detectors.Result{
 				{
 					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Slack,
@@ -44,9 +57,12 @@ func TestScanner_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 			wantErr: false,
 		},
 		{
-			name:   "found but unverified",
-			data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a slack secret %s within", secretInactive)),
-			verify: true,
+			name: "found but unverified",
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a slack secret %s within", secretInactive)),
+				verify: true,
+			},
 			wantResults: []detectors.Result{
 				{
 					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Slack,
@@ -55,23 +71,62 @@ func TestScanner_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			wantErr: false,
 		},
+		{
+			name: "found, would be verified if not for timeout",
+			s:    Scanner{client: common.SaneHttpClientTimeOut(1 * time.Microsecond)},
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a slack secret %s within", secret)),
+				verify: true,
+			},
+			wantResults: []detectors.Result{
+				{
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Slack,
+					Verified:     false,
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "unexpected auth response",
+			s:    Scanner{client: common.ConstantResponseHttpClient(200, `{"ok": false, "error": "unexpected_error"}`)},
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a slack secret %s within", secret)),
+				verify: true,
+			},
+			wantResults: []detectors.Result{
+				{
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Slack,
+					Verified:     false,
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr:             false,
+			wantVerificationErr: true,
+		},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			s := Scanner{}
-			got, err := s.FromData(context.Background(), tt.verify, tt.data)
+			got, err := tt.s.FromData(tt.args.ctx, tt.args.verify, tt.args.data)
 			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
-				t.Errorf("Scanner.FromData) error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+				t.Errorf("Slack.FromData() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
 				return
 			}
+
 			for i := range got {
 				if len(got[i].Raw) == 0 {
 					t.Fatal("no raw secret present")
 				}
 				got[i].Raw = nil
+
+				if (got[i].VerificationError != nil) != tt.wantVerificationErr {
+					t.Fatalf("wantVerificationError = %v, verification error = %v", tt.wantVerificationErr, got[i].VerificationError)
+				}
 			}
-			if diff := pretty.Compare(got, tt.wantResults); diff != "" {
-				t.Errorf("Scanner.FromData) %s diff: (-got +want)\n%s", tt.name, diff)
+			ignoreOpts := cmpopts.IgnoreFields(detectors.Result{}, "Raw", "VerificationError")
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(got, tt.wantResults, ignoreOpts); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("Slack.FromData() %s diff: (-got +want)\n%s", tt.name, diff)
 			}
 		})
 	}

pkg/detectors/tailscale/tailscale.go

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+package tailscale
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
+	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
+	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/pb/detectorspb"
+)
+
+type Scanner struct{}
+
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
+var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
+
+var (
+	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
+
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
+	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(`\btskey-[a-z]+-[0-9A-Za-z_]+-[0-9A-Za-z_]+\b`)
+)
+
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"tskey-", "tskey-api-", "tskey-oauth-"}
+}
+
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Tailscaleapi secrets in a given set of bytes.
+func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+
+	for _, match := range matches {
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[0])
+
+		s1 := detectors.Result{
+			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Tailscale,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
+		}
+
+		if verify {
+			const u = "https://api.tailscale.com/api/v2/secret-scanning/verify"
+			vals := url.Values{"key": []string{resMatch}}
+			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, u, strings.NewReader(vals.Encode()))
+			if err != nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
+			res, err := client.Do(req)
+			if err == nil {
+				defer res.Body.Close()
+				switch res.StatusCode {
+				case http.StatusNoContent:
+					s1.Verified = true
+				case http.StatusUnauthorized:
+					// The secret is determinately not verified (nothing to do)
+				default:
+					s1.VerificationError = fmt.Errorf("unexpected HTTP response status %d", res.StatusCode)
+				}
+			} else {
+				s1.VerificationError = err
+			}
+		}
+
+		// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
+		if !s1.Verified && detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		results = append(results, s1)
+	}
+
+	return results, nil
+}
+
+func (s Scanner) Type() detectorspb.DetectorType {
+	return detectorspb.DetectorType_Tailscale
+}

pkg/detectors/tailscale/tailscale_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-package gitlab
+//go:build detectors
+// +build detectors
+
+package tailscale
 
 import (
 	"context"
@@ -7,20 +10,23 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/kylelemons/godebug/pretty"
-	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
+
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
+
+	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/pb/detectorspb"
 )
 
-func TestGitlabv2_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
+func TestTailscaleapi_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*5)
 	defer cancel()
 	testSecrets, err := common.GetSecret(ctx, "trufflehog-testing", "detectors4")
-	if err != nil {
+	if err != nil && false {
 		t.Fatalf("could not get test secrets from GCP: %s", err)
 	}
-	secret := testSecrets.MustGetField("GITLABV2")
-	secretInactive := testSecrets.MustGetField("GITLABV2_INACTIVE")
+	secret := testSecrets.MustGetField("TAILSCALEAPI")
+	inactiveSecret := testSecrets.MustGetField("TAILSCALEAPI_INACTIVE")
+
 	type args struct {
 		ctx    context.Context
 		data   []byte
@@ -34,16 +40,16 @@ func TestGitlabv2_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 		wantErr bool
 	}{
 		{
-			name: "found",
+			name: "found, verified",
 			s:    Scanner{},
 			args: args{
 				ctx:    context.Background(),
-				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a gitlab secret %s within", secret)),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a tailscaleapi secret %s within", secret)),
 				verify: true,
 			},
 			want: []detectors.Result{
 				{
-					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Gitlab,
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Tailscale,
 					Verified:     true,
 				},
 			},
@@ -54,12 +60,12 @@ func TestGitlabv2_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 			s:    Scanner{},
 			args: args{
 				ctx:    context.Background(),
-				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a gitlab secret %s within", secretInactive)),
+				data:   []byte(fmt.Sprintf("You can find a tailscaleapi secret %s within but not valid", inactiveSecret)), // the secret would satisfy the regex but not pass validation
 				verify: true,
 			},
 			want: []detectors.Result{
 				{
-					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Gitlab,
+					DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Tailscale,
 					Verified:     false,
 				},
 			},
@@ -82,28 +88,27 @@ func TestGitlabv2_FromChunk(t *testing.T) {
 			s := Scanner{}
 			got, err := s.FromData(tt.args.ctx, tt.args.verify, tt.args.data)
 			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
-				t.Errorf("Gitlab.FromData() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+				t.Errorf("Tailscaleapi.FromData() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
 				return
 			}
 			for i := range got {
 				if len(got[i].Raw) == 0 {
-					t.Fatal("no raw secret present")
+					t.Fatalf("no raw secret present: \n %+v", got[i])
 				}
 				got[i].Raw = nil
 			}
 			if diff := pretty.Compare(got, tt.want); diff != "" {
-				t.Errorf("Gitlab.FromData() %s diff: (-got +want)\n%s", tt.name, diff)
+				t.Errorf("Tailscaleapi.FromData() %s diff: (-got +want)\n%s", tt.name, diff)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 
-func BenchmarkFromData2(benchmark *testing.B) {
+func BenchmarkFromData(benchmark *testing.B) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	s := Scanner{}
 	for name, data := range detectors.MustGetBenchmarkData() {
 		benchmark.Run(name, func(b *testing.B) {
-			b.ResetTimer()
 			for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
 				_, err := s.FromData(ctx, false, data)
 				if err != nil {

pkg/detectors/tallyfy/tallyfy.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package tallyfy
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,29 +14,37 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
+
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"tallyfy"}) + `\b([0-9A-Za-z]{36}\.[0-9A-Za-z]{264}\.[0-9A-Za-z\-\_]{683})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("tallyfy")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"tallyfy"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Tallyfy secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Tallyfy,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -45,21 +53,24 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				continue
 			}
 			req.Header.Add("Accept", "application/json")
-			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", string(resMatch)))
+			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", resMatch))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
+
 		results = append(results, s1)
 	}
+
 	return results, nil
 }
 

pkg/detectors/tatumio/tatumio.go

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 package tatumio
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -13,30 +13,37 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"tatum"}) + `\b([0-9a-z-]{36})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("tatum")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"tatum"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify TatumIO secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_TatumIO,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -45,13 +52,14 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				continue
 			}
 			req.Header.Add("Accept", "application/vnd.tatumio+json; version=3")
-			req.Header.Add("x-api-key", string(resMatch))
+			req.Header.Add("x-api-key", resMatch)
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/taxjar/taxjar.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package taxjar
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,30 +14,37 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"taxjar"}) + `\b([a-z0-9]{32})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("taxjar")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"taxjar"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Taxjar secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Taxjar,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -45,17 +52,17 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", string(resMatch)))
+			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", resMatch))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
-			if err != nil {
-				continue
-			}
-			defer res.Body.Close()
-			if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
-				s1.Verified = true
-			} else {
-				if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
-					continue
+			if err == nil {
+				defer res.Body.Close()
+				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
+					s1.Verified = true
+				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
+					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
+						continue
+					}
 				}
 			}
 		}

pkg/detectors/teamgate/teamgate.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -12,48 +13,53 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
-	client   = common.SaneHttpClient()
+	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	tokenPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"teamgate"}) + `\b([a-z0-9]{40})\b`)
 	keyPat   = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"teamgate"}) + `\b([a-zA-Z0-9]{80})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("teamgate")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"teamgate"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Teamgate secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := tokenPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
-	keyMatches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := tokenPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	keyMatches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := match[1]
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		for _, keyMatch := range keyMatches {
 			if len(keyMatch) != 2 {
 				continue
 			}
 
-			resKeyMatch := keyMatch[1]
+			resKeyMatch := strings.TrimSpace(keyMatch[1])
 
 			s1 := detectors.Result{
 				DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Teamgate,
-				Raw:          resMatch,
+				Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 			}
-
 			if verify {
 				req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://api.teamgate.com/v4/users", nil)
 				if err != nil {
 					continue
 				}
-
-				req.Header.Add("X-Auth-Token", string(resMatch))
-				req.Header.Add("X-App-Key", string(resKeyMatch))
+				req.Header.Add("X-Auth-Token", resMatch)
+				req.Header.Add("X-App-Key", resKeyMatch)
 
 				res, err := client.Do(req)
 
@@ -62,6 +68,7 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 					if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 						s1.Verified = true
 					} else {
+						// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 						if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 							continue
 						}

pkg/detectors/teamworkcrm/teamworkcrm.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package teamworkcrm
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,29 +14,37 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
+
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"teamwork", "teamworkcrm"}) + `\b(tkn\.v1_[0-9A-Za-z]{71}=[ \r\n]{1})`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("teamwork"), []byte("teamworkcrm")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"teamwork", "teamworkcrm"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify TeamworkCRM secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_TeamworkCRM,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -51,6 +59,7 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/teamworkdesk/teamworkdesk.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package teamworkdesk
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,29 +14,37 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
+
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"teamwork", "teamworkdesk"}) + `\b(tkn\.v1_[0-9A-Za-z]{71}=[ \r\n]{1})`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("teamwork"), []byte("teamworkdesk")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"teamwork", "teamworkdesk"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify TeamworkDesk secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_TeamworkDesk,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -44,19 +52,21 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", string(resMatch)))
+			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", resMatch))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
+
 		results = append(results, s1)
 	}
 

pkg/detectors/teamworkspaces/teamworkspaces.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package teamworkspaces
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,31 +14,37 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"teamwork", "teamworkspaces"}) + `\b(tkn\.v1_[0-9A-Za-z]{71}=[ \r\n]{1})`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("teamwork"), []byte("teamworkspaces")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"teamwork", "teamworkspaces"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify TeamworkSpaces secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_TeamworkSpaces,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -46,13 +52,14 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", string(resMatch)))
+			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", resMatch))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/technicalanalysisapi/technicalanalysisapi.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package technicalanalysisapi
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
@@ -27,38 +27,41 @@ var (
 
 // Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
 // Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("technicalanalysisapi")}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"technicalanalysisapi"}
 }
 
 // FromData will find and optionally verify TechnicalAnalysisApi secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_TechnicalAnalysisApi,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
 			timeout := 10 * time.Second
 			client.Timeout = timeout
-			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("https://technical-analysis-api.com/api/v1/analysis/BTC?apiKey=%s", string(resMatch)), nil)
+			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("https://technical-analysis-api.com/api/v1/analysis/BTC?apiKey=%s", resMatch), nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
-			if err == nil && res != nil {
+			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/tefter/tefter.go

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 package tefter
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -15,31 +15,37 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"tefter"}) + `\b([0-9a-zA-Z]{20})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("tefter")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"tefter"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Tefter secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
+	dataStr := string(data)
 
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Tefter,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -48,21 +54,21 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				continue
 			}
 			req.Header.Add("Content-Type", "application/json")
-			req.Header.Add("X-User-Token", string(resMatch))
+			req.Header.Add("X-User-Token", resMatch)
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				bodyBytes, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 				if err != nil {
 					continue
 				}
+				bodyString := string(bodyBytes)
+				validResponse := json.Valid([]byte(bodyString))
 
 				defer res.Body.Close()
-
-				validResponse := json.Valid(bodyBytes)
-
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 && validResponse {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/telegrambottoken/telegrambottoken.go

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 package telegrambottoken
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	//	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -26,29 +27,30 @@ var (
 
 // Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
 // Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("telegram")}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"telegram"}
 }
 
 // FromData will find and optionally verify TelegramBotToken secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
+	dataStr := string(data)
 
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		key := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_TelegramBotToken,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(key),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
 			// https://core.telegram.org/bots/api#getme
-			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://api.telegram.org/bot"+string(resMatch)+"/getMe", nil)
+			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://api.telegram.org/bot"+key+"/getMe", nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
@@ -58,7 +60,7 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
-					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
+					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(key, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}
 				}

pkg/detectors/teletype/teletype.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package teletype
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,29 +14,37 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
+
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"teletype"}) + `\b([0-9a-zA-Z-]{64})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("teletype")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"teletype"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Teletype secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Teletype,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -45,17 +53,18 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				continue
 			}
 			req.Header.Add("Content-Type", "application/json")
-			req.Header.Add("X-Auth-Token", string(resMatch))
+			req.Header.Add("X-Auth-Token", resMatch)
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				bodyBytes, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
-				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if err != nil {
 					continue
 				}
 
-				validResponse := bytes.Contains(bodyBytes, []byte(`"code":401`))
+				bodyString := string(bodyBytes)
+				validResponse := strings.Contains(bodyString, `"code":401`)
 
+				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					if validResponse {
 						s1.Verified = false
@@ -63,6 +72,7 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 						s1.Verified = true
 					}
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/telnyx/telnyx.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package telnyx
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,29 +14,37 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
+
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"telnyx"}) + `\b(KEY[0-9A-Za-z_-]{55})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("telnyx")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"telnyx"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Telnyx secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Telnyx,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -45,13 +53,14 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				continue
 			}
 			req.Header.Add("Accept", "application/vnd.telnyx+json; version=3")
-			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", string(resMatch)))
+			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", resMatch))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/terraformcloudpersonaltoken/terraformcloudpersonaltoken.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package terraformcloudpersonaltoken
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,29 +14,36 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
-	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{".atlasv1."}) + `b([A-Za-z0-9]{14}.atlasv1.[A-Za-z0-9]{67})\b`)
+
+	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(`\b([A-Za-z0-9]{14}.atlasv1.[A-Za-z0-9]{67})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte(".atlasv1.")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{".atlasv1."}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify TerraformCloudPersonalToken secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_TerraformCloudPersonalToken,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
@@ -44,7 +51,7 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", string(resMatch)))
+			req.Header.Add("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", resMatch))
 			res, err := client.Do(req)
 			if err == nil {
 				defer res.Body.Close()
@@ -57,6 +64,7 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				}
 			}
 		}
+
 		results = append(results, s1)
 	}
 

pkg/detectors/testingbot/testingbot.go

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 package testingbot
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -26,28 +26,31 @@ var (
 
 // Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
 // Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("testingbot")}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"testingbot"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify TestingBot secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
-	idmatches := idPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	idmatches := idPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 		for _, idmatch := range idmatches {
 			if len(idmatch) != 2 {
 				continue
 			}
-			resIdMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(idmatch[1])
+			resIdMatch := strings.TrimSpace(idmatch[1])
 
 			s1 := detectors.Result{
 				DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_TestingBot,
-				Raw:          resMatch,
+				Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 			}
 
 			if verify {
@@ -55,7 +58,7 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				if err != nil {
 					continue
 				}
-				req.SetBasicAuth(string(resIdMatch), string(resMatch))
+				req.SetBasicAuth(resIdMatch, resMatch)
 				res, err := client.Do(req)
 				if err == nil {
 					defer res.Body.Close()

pkg/detectors/text2data/text2data.go

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package text2data
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
@@ -16,36 +15,44 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"text2data"}) + `\b([0-9A-F]{8}-[0-9A-F]{4}-[0-9A-F]{4}-[0-9A-F]{4}-[0-9A-F]{12})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("text2data")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"text2data"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Text2Data secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Text2Data,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
+
 			data := url.Values{}
 			data.Add("DocumentText", "Excellent location, opposite a very large mall with wide variety of shops, restaurants and more.")
-			data.Add("PrivateKey", string(resMatch))
+			data.Add("PrivateKey", resMatch)
 
 			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", "http://api.text2data.com/v3/Analyze", strings.NewReader(data.Encode()))
 			if err != nil {
@@ -59,16 +66,19 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				body, errBody := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 
 				if errBody == nil {
-					validResponse := bytes.Contains(body, []byte(`"DocSentimentResultString":"positive"`))
+					bodyString := string(body)
+					validResponse := strings.Contains(bodyString, `"DocSentimentResultString":"positive"`)
 
 					if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 && validResponse {
 						s1.Verified = true
 					} else {
+						// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 						if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 							continue
 						}
 					}
 				}
+
 			}
 		}
 

pkg/detectors/textmagic/textmagic.go

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 package textmagic
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	b64 "encoding/base64"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -15,46 +15,51 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat  = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"textmagic"}) + `\b([0-9A-Za-z]{30})\b`)
 	userPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"textmagic"}) + `\b([0-9A-Za-z]{1,25})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("textmagic")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"textmagic"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify Textmagic secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	keyMatches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
-	userMatches := userPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
 
-	for _, match := range keyMatches {
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	userMatches := userPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+
+	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		for _, userMatch := range userMatches {
-			if len(userMatch) != 2 {
+			if len(match) != 2 {
 				continue
 			}
-			resUser := bytes.TrimSpace(userMatch[1])
-
-			rawV2 := append(resMatch, resUser...)
+			resUser := strings.TrimSpace(userMatch[1])
 
 			s1 := detectors.Result{
 				DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Textmagic,
-				Raw:          resMatch,
-				RawV2:        rawV2,
+				Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
+				RawV2:        []byte(resMatch + resUser),
 			}
 
 			if verify {
-				data := append(resUser, resMatch...)
-				sEnc := b64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(data)
+				data := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", resUser, resMatch)
+				sEnc := b64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(data))
 				req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://rest.textmagic.com/api/v2/user", nil)
 				if err != nil {
 					continue
@@ -67,6 +72,7 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 					if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 						s1.Verified = true
 					} else {
+						// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 						if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 							continue
 						}

pkg/detectors/theoddsapi/theoddsapi.go

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 package theoddsapi
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
-	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -14,34 +13,41 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"theoddsapi", "the-odds-api"}) + `\b([0-9a-f]{32})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("theoddsapi"), []byte("the-odds-api")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"theoddsapi", "the-odds-api"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify TheOddsApi secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_TheOddsApi,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
-			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("https://api.the-odds-api.com/v4/sports/?apiKey=%s", resMatch), nil)
+			req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "https://api.the-odds-api.com/v4/sports/?apiKey="+resMatch, nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
@@ -51,6 +57,7 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/detectors/thinkific/thinkific.go

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 package thinkific
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -28,39 +28,40 @@ var (
 
 // Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
 // Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("thinkific")}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"thinkific"}
 }
 
 // FromData will find and optionally verify Thinkific secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
+	dataStr := string(data)
 
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
-	domainMatches := domainPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	domainMatches := domainPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 		for _, domainMatch := range domainMatches {
 
 			if len(domainMatch) != 2 {
 				continue
 			}
-			resDomainMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(domainMatch[1])
+			resDomainMatch := strings.TrimSpace(domainMatch[1])
 			s1 := detectors.Result{
 				DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_Thinkific,
-				Raw:          resMatch,
+				Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 			}
 
 			if verify {
-				domainRes := fmt.Sprintf("%s-s-school", string(resDomainMatch))
+				domainRes := fmt.Sprintf("%s-s-school", resDomainMatch)
 				req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://api.thinkific.com/api/public/v1/collections", nil)
 				if err != nil {
 					continue
 				}
-				req.Header.Add("X-Auth-API-Key", string(resMatch))
+				req.Header.Add("X-Auth-API-Key", resMatch)
 				req.Header.Add("X-Auth-Subdomain", domainRes)
 				req.Header.Add("Content-Type", "application/json")
 				res, err := client.Do(req)
@@ -70,19 +71,22 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 					if err != nil {
 						continue
 					}
+					body := string(bodyBytes)
 
-					if bytes.Contains(bodyBytes, []byte("API Access is not available")) {
+					if strings.Contains(body, "API Access is not available") {
 						s1.Verified = true
 					} else {
 						if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 							continue
 						}
 					}
+
 				}
 			}
 
 			results = append(results, s1)
 		}
+
 	}
 
 	return results, nil

pkg/detectors/thousandeyes/thousandeyes.go

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 package thousandeyes
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -13,39 +13,46 @@ import (
 
 type Scanner struct{}
 
+// Ensure the Scanner satisfies the interface at compile time.
 var _ detectors.Detector = (*Scanner)(nil)
 
 var (
 	client = common.SaneHttpClient()
 
+	// Make sure that your group is surrounded in boundary characters such as below to reduce false positives.
 	keyPat = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"thousandeyes"}) + `\b([a-zA-Z0-9]{32})\b`)
 	email  = regexp.MustCompile(detectors.PrefixRegex([]string{"thousandeyes"}) + `\b([a-zA-Z0-9]{3,20}@[a-zA-Z0-9]{2,12}.[a-zA-Z0-9]{2,5})\b`)
 )
 
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("thousandeyes")}
+// Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
+// Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"thousandeyes"}
 }
 
+// FromData will find and optionally verify ThousandEyes secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
-	emailMatches := email.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
+	emailMatches := email.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		tokenPatMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		tokenPatMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		for _, emailMatch := range emailMatches {
 			if len(emailMatch) != 2 {
 				continue
 			}
 
-			userPatMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(emailMatch[1])
+			userPatMatch := strings.TrimSpace(emailMatch[1])
 
 			s1 := detectors.Result{
 				DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_ThousandEyes,
-				Raw:          tokenPatMatch,
+				Raw:          []byte(tokenPatMatch),
 			}
 
 			if verify {
@@ -53,13 +60,14 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				if err != nil {
 					continue
 				}
-				req.SetBasicAuth(string(userPatMatch), string(tokenPatMatch))
+				req.SetBasicAuth(userPatMatch, tokenPatMatch)
 				res, err := client.Do(req)
 				if err == nil {
 					defer res.Body.Close()
 					if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 						s1.Verified = true
 					} else {
+						// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 						if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(tokenPatMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 							continue
 						}

pkg/detectors/ticketmaster/ticketmaster.go

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package ticketmaster
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -26,27 +26,29 @@ var (
 
 // Keywords are used for efficiently pre-filtering chunks.
 // Use identifiers in the secret preferably, or the provider name.
-func (s Scanner) Keywords() [][]byte {
-	return [][]byte{[]byte("ticketmaster")}
+func (s Scanner) Keywords() []string {
+	return []string{"ticketmaster"}
 }
 
 // FromData will find and optionally verify TicketMaster secrets in a given set of bytes.
 func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (results []detectors.Result, err error) {
-	matches := keyPat.FindAllSubmatch(data, -1)
+	dataStr := string(data)
+
+	matches := keyPat.FindAllStringSubmatch(dataStr, -1)
 
 	for _, match := range matches {
 		if len(match) != 2 {
 			continue
 		}
-		resMatch := bytes.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		resMatch := strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
 
 		s1 := detectors.Result{
 			DetectorType: detectorspb.DetectorType_TicketMaster,
-			Raw:          resMatch,
+			Raw:          []byte(resMatch),
 		}
 
 		if verify {
-			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("https://app.ticketmaster.com/discovery/v2/events.json?apikey=%s", string(resMatch)), nil)
+			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("https://app.ticketmaster.com/discovery/v2/events.json?apikey=%s", resMatch), nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
@@ -56,6 +58,7 @@ func (s Scanner) FromData(ctx context.Context, verify bool, data []byte) (result
 				if res.StatusCode >= 200 && res.StatusCode < 300 {
 					s1.Verified = true
 				} else {
+					// This function will check false positives for common test words, but also it will make sure the key appears 'random' enough to be a real key.
 					if detectors.IsKnownFalsePositive(resMatch, detectors.DefaultFalsePositives, true) {
 						continue
 					}

pkg/engine/defaults.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors/salesforce"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors/snowflake"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors/sourcegraph"
+	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors/tailscale"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors/trufflehogenterprise"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
@@ -1542,6 +1543,7 @@ func DefaultDetectors() []detectors.Detector {
 		trufflehogenterprise.Scanner{},
 		salesforce.Scanner{},
 		sourcegraph.Scanner{},
+		tailscale.Scanner{},
 	}
 
 }

pkg/engine/engine.go

@@ -565,11 +565,18 @@ func (e *Engine) notifyResults(ctx context.Context) {
 		}
 		atomic.AddUint32(&e.numFoundResults, 1)
 
+		// Dedupe results by comparing the detector type, raw result, and source metadata.
+		// We want to avoid duplicate results with different decoder types, but we also
+		// want to include duplicate results with the same decoder type.
+		// Duplicate results with the same decoder type SHOULD have their own entry in the
+		// results list, this would happen if the same secret is found multiple times.
 		key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%s%s%+v", r.DetectorType.String(), r.Raw, r.RawV2, r.SourceMetadata)
-		if _, ok := e.dedupeCache.Get(key); ok {
-			continue
+		if val, ok := e.dedupeCache.Get(key); ok {
+			if res, ok := val.(detectorspb.DecoderType); ok && res != r.DecoderType {
+				continue
+			}
 		}
-		e.dedupeCache.Add(key, struct{}{})
+		e.dedupeCache.Add(key, r.DecoderType)
 
 		if r.Verified {
 			atomic.AddUint64(&e.metrics.VerifiedSecretsFound, 1)

pkg/engine/engine_test.go

@@ -2,8 +2,13 @@ package engine
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+
+	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/context"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/decoders"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/detectors"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/pb/sourcespb"
@@ -171,3 +176,32 @@ func BenchmarkSupportsLineNumbersLoop(b *testing.B) {
 		_ = SupportsLineNumbers(sourceType)
 	}
 }
+
+// TestEngine_DuplicatSecrets is a test that detects ALL duplicate secrets with the same decoder.
+func TestEngine_DuplicatSecrets(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	absPath, err := filepath.Abs("./testdata")
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 10*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	e, err := Start(ctx,
+		WithConcurrency(1),
+		WithDecoders(decoders.DefaultDecoders()...),
+		WithDetectors(true, DefaultDetectors()...),
+		WithPrinter(new(discardPrinter)),
+	)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+
+	cfg := sources.FilesystemConfig{Paths: []string{absPath}}
+	if err := e.ScanFileSystem(ctx, cfg); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Wait for all the chunks to be processed.
+	assert.Nil(t, e.Finish(ctx))
+	want := uint64(5)
+	assert.Equal(t, want, e.GetMetrics().UnverifiedSecretsFound)
+}

pkg/engine/testdata/secrets.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+  1 aws AKIAWARWQKZNHMZBLY4I
+  2 secret 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
+ sentry 27ac84f4bcdb4fca9701f4d6f6f58cd7d96b69c9d9754d40800645a51d668f90
+ sentry 27ac84f4bcdb4fca9701f4d6f6f58cd7d96b69c9d9754d40800645a51d668f90
+ sentry 27ac84f4bcdb4fca9701f4d6f6f58cd7d96b69c9d9754d40800645a51d668f90
+ sentry 27ac84f4bcdb4fca9701f4d6f6f58cd7d96b69c9d9754d40800645a51d668f90

pkg/giturl/giturl.go

@@ -119,7 +119,18 @@ func GenerateLink(repo, commit, file string, line int64) string {
 	case providerBitbucket:
 		return repo[:len(repo)-4] + "/commits/" + commit
 
+	case providerAzure:
+		baseLink := repo + "/commit/" + commit + "/" + file
+		if line > 0 {
+			baseLink += "?line=" + strconv.FormatInt(line, 10)
+		}
+		return baseLink
+
 	case providerGithub, providerGitlab:
+		// If the provider name isn't one of the cloud defaults, it is probably an on-prem github or gitlab.
+		// So do the same thing.
+		fallthrough
+	default:
 		var baseLink string
 		if file == "" {
 			baseLink = repo[:len(repo)-4] + "/commit/" + commit
@@ -130,15 +141,5 @@ func GenerateLink(repo, commit, file string, line int64) string {
 			}
 		}
 		return baseLink
-
-	case providerAzure:
-		baseLink := repo + "/commit/" + commit + "/" + file
-		if line > 0 {
-			baseLink += "?line=" + strconv.FormatInt(line, 10)
-		}
-		return baseLink
-
-	default:
-		return ""
 	}
 }

pkg/giturl/giturl_test.go

@@ -160,6 +160,24 @@ func TestGenerateLink(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			want: "https://dev.azure.com/org/project/_git/repo/commit/abcdef/main.go?line=20",
 		},
+		{
+			name: "Unknown provider on-prem instance",
+			args: args{
+				repo:   "https://onprem.customdomain.com/org/repo.git",
+				commit: "xyz123",
+				file:   "main.go",
+				line:   int64(30),
+			},
+			want: "https://onprem.customdomain.com/org/repo/blob/xyz123/main.go#L30",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Unknown provider on-prem instance - no file",
+			args: args{
+				repo:   "https://onprem.customdomain.com/org/repo.git",
+				commit: "xyz123",
+			},
+			want: "https://onprem.customdomain.com/org/repo/commit/xyz123",
+		},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {

pkg/handlers/archive.go

@@ -17,12 +17,15 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	logContext "github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/context"
+	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/sources"
 )
 
 type ctxKey int
 
 const (
 	depthKey ctxKey = iota
+
+	errMaxArchiveDepthReached = "max archive depth reached"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -81,51 +84,66 @@ func (a *Archive) FromFile(originalCtx context.Context, data io.Reader) chan []b
 	return archiveChan
 }
 
+type decompressorInfo struct {
+	depth       int
+	reader      io.Reader
+	archiveChan chan []byte
+	archiver    archiver.Decompressor
+}
+
 // openArchive takes a reader and extracts the contents up to the maximum depth.
 func (a *Archive) openArchive(ctx context.Context, depth int, reader io.Reader, archiveChan chan []byte) error {
 	if depth >= maxDepth {
-		return fmt.Errorf("max archive depth reached")
+		return fmt.Errorf(errMaxArchiveDepthReached)
 	}
-	format, reader, err := archiver.Identify("", reader)
-	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, archiver.ErrNoMatch) && depth > 0 {
-			chunkSize := 10 * 1024
-			for {
-				chunk := make([]byte, chunkSize)
-				n, _ := reader.Read(chunk)
-				archiveChan <- chunk
-				if n < chunkSize {
-					break
-				}
-			}
-			return nil
-		}
-		return err
+
+	format, arReader, err := archiver.Identify("", reader)
+	if errors.Is(err, archiver.ErrNoMatch) && depth > 0 {
+		return a.handleNonArchiveContent(ctx, arReader, archiveChan)
 	}
+
 	switch archive := format.(type) {
 	case archiver.Decompressor:
-		compReader, err := archive.OpenReader(reader)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		fileBytes, err := a.ReadToMax(ctx, compReader)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		newReader := bytes.NewReader(fileBytes)
-		return a.openArchive(ctx, depth+1, newReader, archiveChan)
+		info := decompressorInfo{depth: depth, reader: arReader, archiveChan: archiveChan, archiver: archive}
+		return a.handleDecompressor(ctx, info)
 	case archiver.Extractor:
-		err := archive.Extract(context.WithValue(ctx, depthKey, depth+1), reader, nil, a.extractorHandler(archiveChan))
-		if err != nil {
+		return archive.Extract(context.WithValue(ctx, depthKey, depth+1), reader, nil, a.extractorHandler(archiveChan))
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unknown archive type: %s", format.Name())
+	}
+}
+
+func (a *Archive) handleNonArchiveContent(ctx context.Context, reader io.Reader, archiveChan chan []byte) error {
+	aCtx := logContext.AddLogger(ctx)
+	chunkReader := sources.NewChunkReader()
+	chunkResChan := chunkReader(aCtx, reader)
+	for data := range chunkResChan {
+		if err := data.Error(); err != nil {
+			aCtx.Logger().Error(err, "error reading chunk")
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := common.CancellableWrite(ctx, archiveChan, data.Bytes()); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		return nil
 	}
-	return fmt.Errorf("Unknown archive type: %s", format.Name())
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (a *Archive) handleDecompressor(ctx context.Context, info decompressorInfo) error {
+	compReader, err := info.archiver.OpenReader(info.reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	fileBytes, err := a.ReadToMax(ctx, compReader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	newReader := bytes.NewReader(fileBytes)
+	return a.openArchive(ctx, info.depth+1, newReader, info.archiveChan)
 }
 
 // IsFiletype returns true if the provided reader is an archive.
-func (a *Archive) IsFiletype(ctx context.Context, reader io.Reader) (io.Reader, bool) {
+func (a *Archive) IsFiletype(_ context.Context, reader io.Reader) (io.Reader, bool) {
 	format, readerB, err := archiver.Identify("", reader)
 	if err != nil {
 		return readerB, false
@@ -135,8 +153,9 @@ func (a *Archive) IsFiletype(ctx context.Context, reader io.Reader) (io.Reader,
 		return readerB, true
 	case archiver.Decompressor:
 		return readerB, true
+	default:
+		return readerB, false
 	}
-	return readerB, false
 }
 
 // extractorHandler is applied to each file in an archiver.Extractor file.
@@ -180,7 +199,7 @@ func (a *Archive) ReadToMax(ctx context.Context, reader io.Reader) (data []byte,
 			if e, ok := r.(error); ok {
 				err = e
 			} else {
-				err = fmt.Errorf("Panic occurred: %v", r)
+				err = fmt.Errorf("panic occurred: %v", r)
 			}
 			logger.Error(err, "Panic occurred when reading archive")
 		}
@@ -283,7 +302,7 @@ func (a *Archive) HandleSpecialized(ctx logContext.Context, reader io.Reader) (i
 // The caller is responsible for closing the returned reader.
 func (a *Archive) extractDebContent(ctx logContext.Context, file io.Reader) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
 	if a.currentDepth >= maxDepth {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("max archive depth reached")
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf(errMaxArchiveDepthReached)
 	}
 
 	tmpEnv, err := a.createTempEnv(ctx, file)

pkg/pb/detectorspb/detectors.pb.go

@@ -1000,6 +1000,7 @@ const (
 	DetectorType_HuggingFace                   DetectorType = 926
 	DetectorType_Snowflake                     DetectorType = 927
 	DetectorType_Sourcegraph                   DetectorType = 928
+	DetectorType_Tailscale                     DetectorType = 929
 )
 
 // Enum value maps for DetectorType.
@@ -1930,6 +1931,7 @@ var (
 		926: "HuggingFace",
 		927: "Snowflake",
 		928: "Sourcegraph",
+		929: "Tailscale",
 	}
 	DetectorType_value = map[string]int32{
 		"Alibaba":                       0,
@@ -2857,6 +2859,7 @@ var (
 		"HuggingFace":                   926,
 		"Snowflake":                     927,
 		"Sourcegraph":                   928,
+		"Tailscale":                     929,
 	}
 )
 
@@ -3235,7 +3238,7 @@ var file_detectors_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
 	0x44, 0x65, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x72, 0x54, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x12, 0x0b, 0x0a, 0x07, 0x55,
 	0x4e, 0x4b, 0x4e, 0x4f, 0x57, 0x4e, 0x10, 0x00, 0x12, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x05, 0x50, 0x4c, 0x41, 0x49,
 	0x4e, 0x10, 0x01, 0x12, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x42, 0x41, 0x53, 0x45, 0x36, 0x34, 0x10, 0x02, 0x12,
-	0x09, 0x0a, 0x05, 0x55, 0x54, 0x46, 0x31, 0x36, 0x10, 0x03, 0x2a, 0x9e, 0x74, 0x0a, 0x0c, 0x44,
+	0x09, 0x0a, 0x05, 0x55, 0x54, 0x46, 0x31, 0x36, 0x10, 0x03, 0x2a, 0xae, 0x74, 0x0a, 0x0c, 0x44,
 	0x65, 0x74, 0x65, 0x63, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x54, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x12, 0x0b, 0x0a, 0x07, 0x41,
 	0x6c, 0x69, 0x62, 0x61, 0x62, 0x61, 0x10, 0x00, 0x12, 0x08, 0x0a, 0x04, 0x41, 0x4d, 0x51, 0x50,
 	0x10, 0x01, 0x12, 0x07, 0x0a, 0x03, 0x41, 0x57, 0x53, 0x10, 0x02, 0x12, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x05, 0x41,
@@ -4165,7 +4168,8 @@ var file_detectors_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
 	0x6f, 0x72, 0x63, 0x65, 0x10, 0x9d, 0x07, 0x12, 0x10, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x48, 0x75, 0x67, 0x67, 0x69,
 	0x6e, 0x67, 0x46, 0x61, 0x63, 0x65, 0x10, 0x9e, 0x07, 0x12, 0x0e, 0x0a, 0x09, 0x53, 0x6e, 0x6f,
 	0x77, 0x66, 0x6c, 0x61, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x10, 0x9f, 0x07, 0x12, 0x10, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x53, 0x6f, 0x75,
-	0x72, 0x63, 0x65, 0x67, 0x72, 0x61, 0x70, 0x68, 0x10, 0xa0, 0x07, 0x42, 0x3d, 0x5a, 0x3b, 0x67,
+	0x72, 0x63, 0x65, 0x67, 0x72, 0x61, 0x70, 0x68, 0x10, 0xa0, 0x07, 0x12, 0x0e, 0x0a, 0x09, 0x54,
+	0x61, 0x69, 0x6c, 0x73, 0x63, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x10, 0xa1, 0x07, 0x42, 0x3d, 0x5a, 0x3b, 0x67,
 	0x69, 0x74, 0x68, 0x75, 0x62, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x2f, 0x74, 0x72, 0x75, 0x66, 0x66, 0x6c,
 	0x65, 0x73, 0x65, 0x63, 0x75, 0x72, 0x69, 0x74, 0x79, 0x2f, 0x74, 0x72, 0x75, 0x66, 0x66, 0x6c,
 	0x65, 0x68, 0x6f, 0x67, 0x2f, 0x76, 0x33, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x6b, 0x67, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x62, 0x2f, 0x64,

pkg/sources/circleci/circleci.go

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func (s *Source) Init(_ context.Context, name string, jobId, sourceId int64, ver
 }
 
 // Chunks emits chunks of bytes over a channel.
-func (s *Source) Chunks(ctx context.Context, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk) error {
+func (s *Source) Chunks(ctx context.Context, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk, _ ...sources.ChunkingTarget) error {
 	projects, err := s.projects(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error getting projects: %w", err)

pkg/sources/docker/docker.go

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package docker
 
 import (
 	"archive/tar"
-	"bytes"
 	"compress/gzip"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
@@ -14,9 +13,11 @@ import (
 	v1 "github.com/google/go-containerregistry/pkg/v1"
 	"github.com/google/go-containerregistry/pkg/v1/remote"
 	"github.com/google/go-containerregistry/pkg/v1/tarball"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/anypb"
 
+	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/context"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/pb/source_metadatapb"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/pb/sourcespb"
@@ -24,17 +25,16 @@ import (
 )
 
 type Source struct {
-	name     string
-	sourceId int64
-	jobId    int64
-	verify   bool
-	conn     sourcespb.Docker
+	name        string
+	sourceId    int64
+	jobId       int64
+	verify      bool
+	concurrency int
+	conn        sourcespb.Docker
 	sources.Progress
 	sources.CommonSourceUnitUnmarshaller
 }
 
-var FilesizeLimitBytes int64 = 50 * 1024 * 1024 // 50MB
-
 // Ensure the Source satisfies the interfaces at compile time.
 var _ sources.Source = (*Source)(nil)
 var _ sources.SourceUnitUnmarshaller = (*Source)(nil)
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ func (s *Source) Init(_ context.Context, name string, jobId, sourceId int64, ver
 	s.sourceId = sourceId
 	s.jobId = jobId
 	s.verify = verify
+	s.concurrency = concurrency
 
 	// Reset metrics for this source at initialization time.
 	dockerImagesScanned.WithLabelValues(s.name).Set(0)
@@ -71,164 +72,207 @@ func (s *Source) Init(_ context.Context, name string, jobId, sourceId int64, ver
 	return nil
 }
 
+type imageInfo struct {
+	image v1.Image
+	base  string
+	tag   string
+}
+
+type layerInfo struct {
+	digest v1.Hash
+	base   string
+	tag    string
+}
+
 // Chunks emits data over a channel that is decoded and scanned for secrets.
-func (s *Source) Chunks(ctx context.Context, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk) error {
-	remoteOpts, err := s.remoteOpts()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+func (s *Source) Chunks(ctx context.Context, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk, _ ...sources.ChunkingTarget) error {
+	ctx = context.WithValues(ctx, "source_type", s.Type(), "source_name", s.name)
 
-	logger := ctx.Logger().WithValues("source_type", s.Type(), "source_name", s.name)
+	workers := new(errgroup.Group)
+	workers.SetLimit(s.concurrency)
 
+	scanErrs := sources.NewScanErrors()
 	for _, image := range s.conn.GetImages() {
-		var img v1.Image
-		var err error
-		var base, tag string
-		var hasDigest bool
-		var imageName name.Reference
+		image := image
+		workers.Go(func() error {
+			if common.IsDone(ctx) {
+				return nil
+			}
 
-		if strings.HasPrefix(image, "file://") {
-			image = strings.TrimPrefix(image, "file://")
-			base = image
-			img, err = tarball.ImageFromPath(image, nil)
+			imgInfo, err := s.processImage(ctx, image)
 			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		} else {
-			base, tag, hasDigest = baseAndTagFromImage(image)
-
-			if hasDigest {
-				imageName, err = name.NewDigest(image)
-				if err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-			} else {
-				imageName, err = name.NewTag(image)
-				if err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
+				scanErrs.Add(err)
+				return nil
 			}
 
-			img, err = remote.Image(imageName, remoteOpts...)
+			ctx = context.WithValues(ctx, "image", imgInfo.base, "tag", imgInfo.tag)
+			ctx.Logger().V(2).Info("scanning image")
+
+			layers, err := imgInfo.image.Layers()
 			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-
-		logger = logger.WithValues("image", base, "tag", tag)
-		logger.V(2).Info("scanning image")
-
-		layers, err := img.Layers()
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		for _, layer := range layers {
-
-			digest, err := layer.Digest()
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
+				scanErrs.Add(err)
+				return nil
 			}
 
-			logger = logger.WithValues("layer", digest.String())
-			logger.V(2).Info("scanning layer")
-
-			rc, err := layer.Compressed()
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
+			for _, layer := range layers {
+				if err := s.processLayer(ctx, layer, imgInfo, chunksChan); err != nil {
+					scanErrs.Add(err)
+					return nil
+				}
+				dockerLayersScanned.WithLabelValues(s.name).Inc()
 			}
 
-			defer rc.Close()
+			dockerImagesScanned.WithLabelValues(s.name).Inc()
 
-			gzipReader, err := gzip.NewReader(rc)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			defer gzipReader.Close()
-
-			tarReader := tar.NewReader(gzipReader)
-
-			for {
-				header, err := tarReader.Next()
-				if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
-					break // End of archive
-				}
-				if err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-
-				// Skip files larger than FilesizeLimitBytes
-				if header.Size > FilesizeLimitBytes {
-					continue
-				}
-
-				file := bytes.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, header.Size))
-
-				_, err = io.Copy(file, tarReader)
-				if err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-
-				chunk := &sources.Chunk{
-					SourceType: s.Type(),
-					SourceName: s.name,
-					SourceID:   s.SourceID(),
-					JobID:      s.JobID(),
-					Data:       file.Bytes(),
-					SourceMetadata: &source_metadatapb.MetaData{
-						Data: &source_metadatapb.MetaData_Docker{
-							Docker: &source_metadatapb.Docker{
-								File:  "/" + header.Name, // Prepend /, because the file is relative to the root of the image
-								Image: base,
-								Tag:   tag,
-								Layer: digest.String(),
-							},
-						},
-					},
-					Verify: s.verify,
-				}
-
-				select {
-				case chunksChan <- chunk:
-				case <-ctx.Done():
-					return ctx.Err()
-				}
-			}
-
-			dockerLayersScanned.WithLabelValues(s.name).Inc()
-		}
-
-		dockerImagesScanned.WithLabelValues(s.name).Inc()
+			return nil
+		})
+	}
+	_ = workers.Wait()
+	if scanErrs.Count() > 0 {
+		ctx.Logger().V(2).Info("scan errors", "errors", scanErrs.String())
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-func baseAndTagFromImage(image string) (base, tag string, hasDigest bool) {
-	regRepoDelimiter := "/"
-	tagDelim := ":"
-	digestDelim := "@"
+// processImage processes an individual image and prepares it for further processing.
+func (s *Source) processImage(ctx context.Context, image string) (imageInfo, error) {
+	var (
+		imgInfo   imageInfo
+		hasDigest bool
+		imageName name.Reference
+	)
 
-	// Split on digest first, if present.
-	parts := strings.SplitN(image, digestDelim, 2)
-	if len(parts) > 1 {
-		base = parts[0]
-		tag = parts[1]
-		hasDigest = true
-		return
+	remoteOpts, err := s.remoteOpts()
+	if err != nil {
+		return imgInfo, err
 	}
-	parts = strings.Split(image, tagDelim)
-	// Verify that we aren't confusing a tag for a hostname w/ port for the purposes of weak validation.
-	if len(parts) > 1 && !strings.Contains(parts[len(parts)-1], regRepoDelimiter) {
-		base = strings.Join(parts[:len(parts)-1], tagDelim)
-		tag = parts[len(parts)-1]
+
+	const filePrefix = "file://"
+	if strings.HasPrefix(image, filePrefix) {
+		image = strings.TrimPrefix(image, filePrefix)
+		imgInfo.base = image
+		imgInfo.image, err = tarball.ImageFromPath(image, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return imgInfo, err
+		}
 	} else {
-		base = image
-		tag = "latest"
+		imgInfo.base, imgInfo.tag, hasDigest = baseAndTagFromImage(image)
+
+		if hasDigest {
+			imageName, err = name.NewDigest(image)
+		} else {
+			imageName, err = name.NewTag(image)
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return imgInfo, err
+		}
+
+		imgInfo.image, err = remote.Image(imageName, remoteOpts...)
+		if err != nil {
+			return imgInfo, err
+		}
 	}
 
-	return
+	ctx.Logger().WithValues("image", imgInfo.base, "tag", imgInfo.tag).V(2).Info("scanning image")
+
+	return imgInfo, nil
+}
+
+// processLayer processes an individual layer of an image.
+func (s *Source) processLayer(ctx context.Context, layer v1.Layer, imgInfo imageInfo, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk) error {
+	layerInfo := layerInfo{
+		base: imgInfo.base,
+		tag:  imgInfo.tag,
+	}
+
+	var err error
+	layerInfo.digest, err = layer.Digest()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	ctx.Logger().WithValues("layer", layerInfo.digest.String()).V(2).Info("scanning layer")
+
+	rc, err := layer.Compressed()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer rc.Close()
+
+	gzipReader, err := gzip.NewReader(rc)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer gzipReader.Close()
+
+	tarReader := tar.NewReader(gzipReader)
+	for {
+		header, err := tarReader.Next()
+		if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+			break
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		info := chunkProcessingInfo{size: header.Size, name: header.Name, reader: tarReader, layer: layerInfo}
+		if err := s.processChunk(ctx, info, chunksChan); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+type chunkProcessingInfo struct {
+	size   int64
+	name   string
+	reader io.Reader
+	layer  layerInfo
+}
+
+// processChunk processes an individual chunk of a layer.
+func (s *Source) processChunk(ctx context.Context, info chunkProcessingInfo, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk) error {
+	const filesizeLimitBytes int64 = 50 * 1024 * 1024 // 50MB
+	if info.size > filesizeLimitBytes {
+		ctx.Logger().V(4).Info("skipping large file", "file", info.name, "size", info.size)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	chunkReader := sources.NewChunkReader()
+	chunkResChan := chunkReader(ctx, info.reader)
+
+	for data := range chunkResChan {
+		if err := data.Error(); err != nil {
+			ctx.Logger().Error(err, "error reading chunk.")
+			continue
+		}
+
+		chunk := &sources.Chunk{
+			SourceType: s.Type(),
+			SourceName: s.name,
+			SourceID:   s.SourceID(),
+			SourceMetadata: &source_metadatapb.MetaData{
+				Data: &source_metadatapb.MetaData_Docker{
+					Docker: &source_metadatapb.Docker{
+						File:  "/" + info.name,
+						Image: info.layer.base,
+						Tag:   info.layer.tag,
+						Layer: info.layer.digest.String(),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			Verify: s.verify,
+		}
+		chunk.Data = data.Bytes()
+
+		if err := common.CancellableWrite(ctx, chunksChan, chunk); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (s *Source) remoteOpts() ([]remote.Option, error) {
@@ -256,3 +300,40 @@ func (s *Source) remoteOpts() ([]remote.Option, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown credential type: %T", s.conn.Credential)
 	}
 }
+
+func baseAndTagFromImage(image string) (base, tag string, hasDigest bool) {
+	if base, tag, hasDigest = extractDigest(image); hasDigest {
+		return base, tag, true
+	}
+
+	base, tag = extractTagOrUseDefault(image)
+	return base, tag, false
+}
+
+// extractDigest tries to split the image string on the digest delimiter.
+// If successful, it means the image has a digest.
+func extractDigest(image string) (base, tag string, hasDigest bool) {
+	const digestDelim = "@"
+
+	if parts := strings.SplitN(image, digestDelim, 2); len(parts) > 1 {
+		return parts[0], parts[1], true
+	}
+	return "", "", false
+}
+
+// extractTagOrUseDefault extracts the tag from the image string.
+// If no tag is found, it defaults to "latest".
+func extractTagOrUseDefault(image string) (base, tag string) {
+	const (
+		tagDelim     = ":"
+		regRepoDelim = "/"
+	)
+
+	parts := strings.Split(image, tagDelim)
+
+	// Check if the last part is not a hostname with a port (for weak validation)
+	if len(parts) > 1 && !strings.Contains(parts[len(parts)-1], regRepoDelim) {
+		return strings.Join(parts[:len(parts)-1], tagDelim), parts[len(parts)-1]
+	}
+	return image, "latest"
+}

pkg/sources/filesystem/filesystem.go

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ func (s *Source) WithFilter(filter *common.Filter) {
 }
 
 // Chunks emits chunks of bytes over a channel.
-func (s *Source) Chunks(ctx context.Context, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk) error {
+func (s *Source) Chunks(ctx context.Context, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk, _ ...sources.ChunkingTarget) error {
 	for i, path := range s.paths {
 		logger := ctx.Logger().WithValues("path", path)
 		if common.IsDone(ctx) {

pkg/sources/gcs/gcs.go

@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ func (s *Source) enumerate(ctx context.Context) error {
 }
 
 // Chunks emits chunks of bytes over a channel.
-func (s *Source) Chunks(ctx context.Context, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk) error {
+func (s *Source) Chunks(ctx context.Context, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk, _ ...sources.ChunkingTarget) error {
 	persistableCache := s.setupCache(ctx)
 
 	objectCh, err := s.gcsManager.ListObjects(ctx)

pkg/sources/git/git.go

@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ func (s *Source) Init(aCtx context.Context, name string, jobId, sourceId int64,
 }
 
 // Chunks emits chunks of bytes over a channel.
-func (s *Source) Chunks(ctx context.Context, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk) error {
+func (s *Source) Chunks(ctx context.Context, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk, _ ...sources.ChunkingTarget) error {
 	if err := s.scanRepos(ctx, chunksChan); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

pkg/sources/github/github.go

@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ func (s *Source) visibilityOf(ctx context.Context, repoURL string) (visibility s
 }
 
 // Chunks emits chunks of bytes over a channel.
-func (s *Source) Chunks(ctx context.Context, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk) error {
+func (s *Source) Chunks(ctx context.Context, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk, _ ...sources.ChunkingTarget) error {
 	apiEndpoint := s.conn.Endpoint
 	if len(apiEndpoint) == 0 || endsWithGithub.MatchString(apiEndpoint) {
 		apiEndpoint = "https://api.github.com"

pkg/sources/gitlab/gitlab.go

@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ func (s *Source) Init(_ context.Context, name string, jobId, sourceId int64, ver
 }
 
 // Chunks emits chunks of bytes over a channel.
-func (s *Source) Chunks(ctx context.Context, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk) error {
+func (s *Source) Chunks(ctx context.Context, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk, _ ...sources.ChunkingTarget) error {
 	// Start client.
 	apiClient, err := s.newClient()
 	if err != nil {

pkg/sources/s3/s3.go

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
+	defaultAWSRegion     = "us-east-1"
 	defaultMaxObjectSize = 250 * 1024 * 1024 // 250 MiB
 	maxObjectSizeLimit   = 250 * 1024 * 1024 // 250 MiB
 )
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ type Source struct {
 // Ensure the Source satisfies the interfaces at compile time
 var _ sources.Source = (*Source)(nil)
 var _ sources.SourceUnitUnmarshaller = (*Source)(nil)
+var _ sources.Validator = (*Source)(nil)
 
 // Type returns the type of source
 func (s *Source) Type() sourcespb.SourceType {
@@ -93,6 +95,23 @@ func (s *Source) Init(aCtx context.Context, name string, jobId, sourceId int64,
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (s *Source) Validate(ctx context.Context) []error {
+	var errors []error
+	visitor := func(c context.Context, defaultRegionClient *s3.S3, roleArn string, buckets []string) {
+		roleErrs := s.validateBucketAccess(c, defaultRegionClient, roleArn, buckets)
+		if len(roleErrs) > 0 {
+			errors = append(errors, roleErrs...)
+		}
+	}
+
+	err := s.visitRoles(ctx, visitor)
+	if err != nil {
+		errors = append(errors, err)
+	}
+
+	return errors
+}
+
 // setMaxObjectSize sets the maximum size of objects that will be scanned. If
 // not set, set to a negative number, or set larger than the
 // maxObjectSizeLimit, the defaultMaxObjectSizeLimit will be used.
@@ -153,7 +172,7 @@ func (s *Source) getBucketsToScan(client *s3.S3) ([]string, error) {
 
 	res, err := client.ListBuckets(&s3.ListBucketsInput{})
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not list s3 buckets: %w", err)
+		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	var bucketsToScan []string
@@ -163,32 +182,28 @@ func (s *Source) getBucketsToScan(client *s3.S3) ([]string, error) {
 	return bucketsToScan, nil
 }
 
-func (s *Source) scanBuckets(ctx context.Context, client *s3.S3, role string, bucketsToScan []string, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk) error {
-	const defaultAWSRegion = "us-east-1"
+func (s *Source) scanBuckets(ctx context.Context, client *s3.S3, role string, bucketsToScan []string, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk) {
 	objectCount := uint64(0)
 
+	logger := s.log
+	if role != "" {
+		logger = logger.WithValues("roleArn", role)
+	}
+
 	for i, bucket := range bucketsToScan {
+		logger := logger.WithValues("bucket", bucket)
+
 		if common.IsDone(ctx) {
-			return nil
+			return
 		}
 
 		s.SetProgressComplete(i, len(bucketsToScan), fmt.Sprintf("Bucket: %s", bucket), "")
-		s.log.Info("Scanning bucket", "bucket", bucket)
-		region, err := s3manager.GetBucketRegionWithClient(ctx, client, bucket)
-		if err != nil {
-			s.log.Error(err, "could not get s3 region for bucket", "bucket: ", bucket)
-			continue
-		}
+		logger.Info("Scanning bucket")
 
-		var regionalClient *s3.S3
-		if region != defaultAWSRegion {
-			regionalClient, err = s.newClient(region, role)
-			if err != nil {
-				s.log.Error(err, "could not make regional s3 client")
-				continue
-			}
-		} else {
-			regionalClient = client
+		regionalClient, err := s.getRegionalClientForBucket(ctx, client, role, bucket)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error(err, "could not get regional client for bucket")
+			continue
 		}
 
 		errorCount := sync.Map{}
@@ -201,40 +216,46 @@ func (s *Source) scanBuckets(ctx context.Context, client *s3.S3, role string, bu
 			})
 
 		if err != nil {
-			s.log.Error(err, "could not list objects in s3 bucket", "bucket: ", bucket)
-			continue
+			if role == "" {
+				logger.Error(err, "could not list objects in bucket")
+			} else {
+				// Our documentation blesses specifying a role to assume without specifying buckets to scan, which will
+				// often cause this to happen a lot (because in that case the scanner tries to scan every bucket in the
+				// account, but the role probably doesn't have access to all of them). This makes it expected behavior
+				// and therefore not an error.
+				logger.V(3).Info("could not list objects in bucket",
+					"err", err)
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	s.SetProgressComplete(len(bucketsToScan), len(bucketsToScan), fmt.Sprintf("Completed scanning source %s. %d objects scanned.", s.name, objectCount), "")
-	return nil
 }
 
 // Chunks emits chunks of bytes over a channel.
-func (s *Source) Chunks(ctx context.Context, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk) error {
-	const defaultAWSRegion = "us-east-1"
-
-	roles := s.conn.Roles
-	if len(roles) == 0 {
-		roles = []string{""}
+func (s *Source) Chunks(ctx context.Context, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk, _ ...sources.ChunkingTarget) error {
+	visitor := func(c context.Context, defaultRegionClient *s3.S3, roleArn string, buckets []string) {
+		s.scanBuckets(c, defaultRegionClient, roleArn, buckets, chunksChan)
 	}
 
-	for _, role := range roles {
-		client, err := s.newClient(defaultAWSRegion, role)
-		if err != nil {
-			return errors.WrapPrefix(err, "could not create s3 client", 0)
-		}
+	return s.visitRoles(ctx, visitor)
+}
 
-		bucketsToScan, err := s.getBucketsToScan(client)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		if err := s.scanBuckets(ctx, client, role, bucketsToScan, chunksChan); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
+func (s *Source) getRegionalClientForBucket(ctx context.Context, defaultRegionClient *s3.S3, role, bucket string) (*s3.S3, error) {
+	region, err := s3manager.GetBucketRegionWithClient(ctx, defaultRegionClient, bucket)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.WrapPrefix(err, "could not get s3 region for bucket", 0)
 	}
 
-	return nil
+	if region == defaultAWSRegion {
+		return defaultRegionClient, nil
+	}
+
+	regionalClient, err := s.newClient(region, role)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.WrapPrefix(err, "could not create regional s3 client", 0)
+	}
+
+	return regionalClient, nil
 }
 
 // pageChunker emits chunks onto the given channel from a page
@@ -396,6 +417,65 @@ func (s *Source) pageChunker(ctx context.Context, client *s3.S3, chunksChan chan
 	_ = s.jobPool.Wait()
 }
 
+func (s *Source) validateBucketAccess(ctx context.Context, client *s3.S3, roleArn string, buckets []string) []error {
+	shouldHaveAccessToAllBuckets := roleArn == ""
+	wasAbleToListAnyBucket := false
+	var errors []error
+
+	for _, bucket := range buckets {
+		if common.IsDone(ctx) {
+			return append(errors, ctx.Err())
+		}
+
+		regionalClient, err := s.getRegionalClientForBucket(ctx, client, roleArn, bucket)
+		if err != nil {
+			errors = append(errors, fmt.Errorf("could not get regional client for bucket %q: %w", bucket, err))
+			continue
+		}
+
+		_, err = regionalClient.ListObjectsV2(&s3.ListObjectsV2Input{Bucket: &bucket})
+
+		if err == nil {
+			wasAbleToListAnyBucket = true
+		} else if shouldHaveAccessToAllBuckets {
+			errors = append(errors, fmt.Errorf("could not list objects in bucket %q: %w", bucket, err))
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !wasAbleToListAnyBucket {
+		if roleArn == "" {
+			errors = append(errors, fmt.Errorf("could not list objects in any bucket"))
+		} else {
+			errors = append(errors, fmt.Errorf("role %q could not list objects in any bucket", roleArn))
+		}
+	}
+
+	return errors
+}
+
+func (s *Source) visitRoles(ctx context.Context, f func(c context.Context, defaultRegionClient *s3.S3, roleArn string, buckets []string)) error {
+	roles := s.conn.Roles
+	if len(roles) == 0 {
+		roles = []string{""}
+	}
+
+	for _, role := range roles {
+		client, err := s.newClient(defaultAWSRegion, role)
+		if err != nil {
+			return errors.WrapPrefix(err, "could not create s3 client", 0)
+		}
+
+		bucketsToScan, err := s.getBucketsToScan(client)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("role %q could not list any s3 buckets for scanning: %w", role, err)
+		}
+
+		f(ctx, client, role, bucketsToScan)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // S3 links currently have the general format of:
 // https://[bucket].s3[.region unless us-east-1].amazonaws.com/[key]
 func makeS3Link(bucket, region, key string) string {

pkg/sources/s3/s3_integration_test.go

@@ -4,10 +4,14 @@
 package s3
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
+	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/pb/credentialspb"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/anypb"
 
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/context"
@@ -45,3 +49,127 @@ func TestSource_ChunksCount(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	assert.Greater(t, got, wantChunkCount)
 }
+
+func TestSource_Validate(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*15)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	secret, err := common.GetTestSecret(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(fmt.Errorf("failed to access secret: %v", err))
+	}
+
+	s3key := secret.MustGetField("AWS_S3_KEY")
+	s3secret := secret.MustGetField("AWS_S3_SECRET")
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name         string
+		roles        []string
+		buckets      []string
+		wantErrCount int
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "buckets without roles, can access all buckets",
+			buckets: []string{
+				"truffletestbucket-s3-tests",
+			},
+			wantErrCount: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "buckets without roles, one error per inaccessible bucket",
+			buckets: []string{
+				"truffletestbucket-s3-tests",
+				"truffletestbucket-s3-role-assumption",
+				"truffletestbucket-no-access",
+			},
+			wantErrCount: 2,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "roles without buckets, all can access at least one account bucket",
+			roles: []string{
+				"arn:aws:iam::619888638459:role/s3-test-assume-role",
+			},
+			wantErrCount: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "roles without buckets, one error per role that cannot access any account buckets",
+			roles: []string{
+				"arn:aws:iam::619888638459:role/s3-test-assume-role",
+				"arn:aws:iam::619888638459:role/test-no-access",
+			},
+			wantErrCount: 1,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "role and buckets, can access at least one bucket",
+			roles: []string{
+				"arn:aws:iam::619888638459:role/s3-test-assume-role",
+			},
+			buckets: []string{
+				"truffletestbucket-s3-role-assumption",
+				"truffletestbucket-no-access",
+			},
+			wantErrCount: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "roles and buckets, one error per role that cannot access at least one bucket",
+			roles: []string{
+				"arn:aws:iam::619888638459:role/s3-test-assume-role",
+				"arn:aws:iam::619888638459:role/test-no-access",
+			},
+			buckets: []string{
+				"truffletestbucket-s3-role-assumption",
+				"truffletestbucket-no-access",
+			},
+			wantErrCount: 1,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "role and buckets, a bucket doesn't even exist",
+			roles: []string{
+				"arn:aws:iam::619888638459:role/s3-test-assume-role",
+			},
+			buckets: []string{
+				"truffletestbucket-s3-role-assumption",
+				"not-a-real-bucket-asljdhmglasjgvklhsdaljfh", // need a bucket name that nobody is likely to ever create
+			},
+			wantErrCount: 1,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*15)
+			var cancelOnce sync.Once
+			defer cancelOnce.Do(cancel)
+
+			// These are used by the tests that assume roles
+			t.Setenv("AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID", s3key)
+			t.Setenv("AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY", s3secret)
+
+			s := &Source{}
+
+			conn, err := anypb.New(&sourcespb.S3{
+				// These are used by the tests that don't assume roles
+				Credential: &sourcespb.S3_AccessKey{
+					AccessKey: &credentialspb.KeySecret{
+						Key:    s3key,
+						Secret: s3secret,
+					},
+				},
+				Buckets: tt.buckets,
+				Roles:   tt.roles,
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+
+			err = s.Init(ctx, tt.name, 0, 0, false, conn, 0)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+
+			errs := s.Validate(ctx)
+
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.wantErrCount, len(errs))
+		})
+	}
+}

pkg/sources/source_manager_test.go

@@ -6,10 +6,11 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/anypb"
+
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/common"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/context"
 	"github.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/v3/pkg/pb/sourcespb"
-	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/anypb"
 )
 
 // DummySource implements Source and is used for testing a SourceManager.
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ func (d *DummySource) GetProgress() *Progress { return nil }
 
 // Interface to easily test different chunking methods.
 type chunker interface {
-	Chunks(context.Context, chan *Chunk) error
+	Chunks(context.Context, chan *Chunk, ...ChunkingTarget) error
 	ChunkUnit(ctx context.Context, unit SourceUnit, reporter ChunkReporter) error
 	Enumerate(ctx context.Context, reporter UnitReporter) error
 }
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ type counterChunker struct {
 	count        int
 }
 
-func (c *counterChunker) Chunks(ctx context.Context, ch chan *Chunk) error {
+func (c *counterChunker) Chunks(ctx context.Context, ch chan *Chunk, _ ...ChunkingTarget) error {
 	for i := 0; i < c.count; i++ {
 		select {
 		case ch <- &Chunk{Data: []byte{c.chunkCounter}}:
@@ -75,9 +76,9 @@ func (c *counterChunker) ChunkUnit(ctx context.Context, unit SourceUnit, reporte
 // Chunk method that always returns an error.
 type errorChunker struct{ error }
 
-func (c errorChunker) Chunks(context.Context, chan *Chunk) error                  { return c }
-func (c errorChunker) Enumerate(context.Context, UnitReporter) error              { return c }
-func (c errorChunker) ChunkUnit(context.Context, SourceUnit, ChunkReporter) error { return c }
+func (c errorChunker) Chunks(context.Context, chan *Chunk, ...ChunkingTarget) error { return c }
+func (c errorChunker) Enumerate(context.Context, UnitReporter) error                { return c }
+func (c errorChunker) ChunkUnit(context.Context, SourceUnit, ChunkReporter) error   { return c }
 
 // enrollDummy is a helper function to enroll a DummySource with a SourceManager.
 func enrollDummy(mgr *SourceManager, chunkMethod chunker) (handle, error) {
@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@ type unitChunk struct {
 
 type unitChunker struct{ steps []unitChunk }
 
-func (c *unitChunker) Chunks(ctx context.Context, ch chan *Chunk) error {
+func (c *unitChunker) Chunks(ctx context.Context, ch chan *Chunk, _ ...ChunkingTarget) error {
 	for _, step := range c.steps {
 		if step.err != "" {
 			continue
@@ -294,7 +295,9 @@ type callbackChunker struct {
 	cb func(context.Context, chan *Chunk) error
 }
 
-func (c callbackChunker) Chunks(ctx context.Context, ch chan *Chunk) error           { return c.cb(ctx, ch) }
+func (c callbackChunker) Chunks(ctx context.Context, ch chan *Chunk, _ ...ChunkingTarget) error {
+	return c.cb(ctx, ch)
+}
 func (c callbackChunker) Enumerate(context.Context, UnitReporter) error              { return nil }
 func (c callbackChunker) ChunkUnit(context.Context, SourceUnit, ChunkReporter) error { return nil }
 

pkg/sources/sources.go

@@ -30,6 +30,16 @@ type Chunk struct {
 	Verify bool
 }
 
+// ChunkingTarget specifies criteria for a targeted chunking process.
+// Instead of collecting data indiscriminately, this struct allows the caller
+// to specify particular subsets of data they're interested in. This becomes
+// especially useful when one needs to verify or recheck specific data points
+// without processing the entire dataset.
+type ChunkingTarget struct {
+	// QueryCriteria represents specific parameters or conditions to target the chunking process.
+	QueryCriteria source_metadatapb.MetaData
+}
+
 // Source defines the interface required to implement a source chunker.
 type Source interface {
 	// Type returns the source type, used for matching against configuration and jobs.
@@ -40,8 +50,12 @@ type Source interface {
 	JobID() int64
 	// Init initializes the source.
 	Init(aCtx context.Context, name string, jobId, sourceId int64, verify bool, connection *anypb.Any, concurrency int) error
-	// Chunks emits data over a channel that is decoded and scanned for secrets.
-	Chunks(ctx context.Context, chunksChan chan *Chunk) error
+	// Chunks emits data over a channel which is then decoded and scanned for secrets.
+	// By default, data is obtained indiscriminately. However, by providing one or more
+	// ChunkingTarget parameters, the caller can direct the function to retrieve
+	// specific chunks of data. This targeted approach allows for efficient and
+	// intentional data processing, beneficial when verifying or rechecking specific data points.
+	Chunks(ctx context.Context, chunksChan chan *Chunk, targets ...ChunkingTarget) error
 	// GetProgress is the completion progress (percentage) for Scanned Source.
 	GetProgress() *Progress
 }

pkg/sources/syslog/syslog.go

@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ func (s *Source) verifyConnectionConfig() error {
 }
 
 // Chunks emits chunks of bytes over a channel.
-func (s *Source) Chunks(ctx context.Context, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk) error {
+func (s *Source) Chunks(ctx context.Context, chunksChan chan *sources.Chunk, _ ...sources.ChunkingTarget) error {
 	switch {
 	case s.conn.TlsCert != nilString || s.conn.TlsKey != nilString:
 		cert, err := tls.X509KeyPair([]byte(s.conn.TlsCert), []byte(s.conn.TlsKey))

proto/detectors.proto

@@ -937,6 +937,7 @@ enum DetectorType {
   HuggingFace = 926;
   Snowflake = 927;
   Sourcegraph = 928;
+  Tailscale = 929;
 }
 
 message Result {